tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43212751981387857072009-11-12T09:54:24.804+08:00Mechanical and Electrical Engineering for Building Servicesကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-41497025759913445672009-11-10T17:59:00.055+08:002009-11-12T09:54:24.825+08:00Swimming Pools (ေရကူးကန္ မ်ား)<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရကူးတာ က က်န္းမာေရး အတြက္ အေထာက္အကူ ျပဳတဲ့ အားကစား တစ္ခု ျဖစ္သလို ေပ်ာ္စရာ လည္း ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ အသက္အရြယ္ မေရြး (ပိန္ပိန္၊ ဝဝ) သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့၊ သက္ေတာင့္သက္သာ လုပ္လို႔ရတဲ့ ေလ့က်င့္ခန္း တစ္ခု ျဖစ္သလို၊ အေရးၾကံဳရင္ သက္လံုေကာင္းေစ ဘို႔အတြက္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္မႈ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Survival skill </span>) တစ္ခု လည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ( စနစ္တက် နဲ႔ ေရေကာင္းေကာင္း ကူးတတ္ဘို႔ ေတာ့ လိုတာေပါ့။)<br/><br /><li>ေအးေအးေဆးေဆး နဲ႔ အႏၲရာယ္ ကင္းကင္း ေရကူး ခ်င္သူေတြ အတြက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pools </span>(ေရကူးကန္) ေတြ က ျဖည့္ဆီးေပးေနပါတယ္။ </ul><span id="fullpost"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pool MEP Systems </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pool Specialist Contractor </span>ေတြ က ပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Installation </span> လုပ္ေပး ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Architects </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Structure Engineers </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coordinate </span> လုပ္ရတာ ေတာ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lighting Specialist Consultants </span>ရဲ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ပါဝင္ တတ္ပါတယ္။<br/><br /><li>ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားတာ ေတြ က အေျခခံ ကို သိရွိ နားလည္ေစ ဘို႔ ရည္ရြယ္ပါတယ္။ <br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><a href="#1"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Introduction</span></a><br /><li><a href="#2"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Quality</span></a><br /><li><a href="#3"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Codes, Rules & Regulations</span></a><br /><li><a href="#4"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Safety</span></a><br /><li><a href="#5"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MEP Systems</span></a><br /><li><a href="#6"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Construction</span></a><br /><li><a href="#7"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pool Maintenance</span></a><br /><li><a href="#8"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Other Pools & Fish Ponds</span></a><br /><li><a href="#9"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Natatoriums - HVAC</span></a><br /><li><a href="#10"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >References</span></a></ol><br /><br /><li>တကယ္အသံုးခ် ရမွာမို႔ ပိုၿပီး အေသးစိတ္ သိခ်င္ရင္ ေတာ့ ကိုယ္တိုင္ စာလည္း ရွာဖတ္ ၿပီးေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specialist </span> နဲ႔ လည္း ေဆြးေႏြး ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specialist Contractors </span> ေတြ က လုပ္ငန္းအေတြ႕ အၾကံဳလည္းရွိ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fittings Supply </span>(အစိတ္အပိုင္း ပစၥည္း) ေတြ ကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Supply </span> လုပ္ႏိုင္တာမို႔ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Calculation </span>အတြက္အခ်က္ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code / Regulation Requirements </span>ေတြနဲ႔ ရင္းႏွီးတာမို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Technical Support </span>ကို ေကာင္းေကာင္းေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><br /><li><a name="1"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Introduction</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အခုေခတ္ ေရကူးကန္ ေတြ က ေရျဖည့္လိုက္၊ ညစ္ပတ္လာရင္ (ႏွစ္ပါတ္ တစ္ခါေလာက္ ေဖာက္ထုတ္လိုက္) လုပ္ရတဲ့ အမ်ိဳးအစား ေတြ မဟုတ္ေတာ့ ပါဘူး။<li>တိုးတက္လာတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chemical Treatment </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Continuous Filtrations </span>စနစ္ေတြ က ေရေတြ ကို ပိုၿပီး ၾကည္လင္ ေစယံု မက ေရရဲ့ သန္႔ရွင္းမႈ ကို လည္း ပိုေကာင္းလာေစပါတယ္။ ၾကည့္လိုက္ရင္ ကန္ေအာက္ေျခ ကို ရွင္းရွင္းလင္းလင္း ျမင္ႏိုင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ ကို ၾကည္လင္ေနေလ့ ရွိ ပါတယ္။ ေရရဲ့ အေရာင္ က ေအာက္ခံေက်ာက္ျပား ရဲ့ အေရာင္ ကို ေကာင္းေကာင္း ေရာင္ျပန္ ဟပ္တာကို လည္း ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာက္ျပား အျပာေတြ သံုးထားရင္ ေရေတြက ျပာေနတယ္ လို႔ ထင္ရေစၿပီး အစိမ္း သံုးထားရင္ေတာ့ ေရေတြက စိမ္းေနတယ္ လို႔ ထင္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <li>စနစ္တက် ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Underwater Light </span>ေတြ က လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pools </span>ေတြ ကို ပိုၿပီး ဆြဲေဆာင္မႈ ေပးပါတယ္။<li>ဟိုတယ္၊ ကြန္ဒို ေတြ မွာ က ေရကူးကန္ က အဓိက အေဆာင္အေယာင္ အေနနဲ႔ ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ တိုးတက္တဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ မွာ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pool </span>ေတြ က လြယ္လြယ္ ကူကူ ေရာက္ႏိုင္တဲ့ ေနရာေတြ မွာ ရွိေနပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Private Housing </span>အိမ္ေတြ မွာလည္း အေဆာင္အေယာင္ တစ္ခု အေနနဲ႔ ထည့္သြင္း တတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ ေရကူးကန္ ရဲ့ အရြယ္အစား က လည္း ခပ္ေသးေသး က ေန အိုလံပစ္ အရြယ္ အႀကီးစား ေတြ အထိ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ျပန္ပါတယ္။ <li>စကာၤပူ မွာ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pool </span>ေတြ က လူေနအိမ္ေတြ ရဲ့ မလွမ္းမကမ္း ေနရာ ေတြ မွာ ရွိေန တာ ကို ေတြ႕ႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။<li>အျပင္ကေန ၾကည့္ရင္ေတာ့ နားနားေနေန ထိုင္ဘို႔ ခံု နဲ႔ အဆင္တန္ဆာ ေတြ၊ ေရထဲဆင္းဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ladder </span>နဲ႔ ေရေတြ ျပည့္ေနတဲ့ ေရကူးကန္ ကို ပဲ ျမင္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ဒီကန္ ထဲကေရေတြ ကို အၿမဲ ၾကည္လင္ၿပီး သန္႔စင္ေန ေအာင္ လုပ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MEP System </span>ေတြ ကို သတိျပဳခ်င္ မွ ျပဳမိပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <li>ေရကူးကန္ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MEP Systems </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ အဓိက တာဝန္ က ေတာ့ လူကို အႏၲရာယ္ ေပးမဲ့ အညစ္အေၾကး ေတြ ကို ေရထဲ က ေန အဆက္မျပတ္ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Continuously</span>) စစ္ထုတ္ ဖယ္ရွား ႏိုင္ဘို႔ နဲ႔ ေရေအာက္ မွာ အလင္းေရာင္ ေကာင္းေကာင္း ရေအာင္ လုပ္ေပးဘို႔ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </ul><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>- ေရးလက္စ -</b></span><br /><br /><li><a name="2"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Water Quality</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Environmental Health </span>လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ အရ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Quality </span>ကို (သံုးစြဲေနတဲ့) အခ်ိန္ျပည့္ ထိန္းသိမ္းထားေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Water Quality </span>ဆိုတဲ့ ေနရာမွာ။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Physical Quality </span>(အေရာင္ (သို႔) ၾကည္လင္မႈ၊၊ အနံ႔၊ စသည္... )<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Biological Quality </span>(ပိုးမႊား၊ ဘက္တီးရီးယား ကင္းစင္မႈ၊ )<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chemical Quality (Residual Chlorine, PH, other concentrations, etc.)</span></ol><br /><li>ဒီလိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြ ကို ျဖည့္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Filtration & Treatment Systems </span>ေတြ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီစနစ္ ရဲ့ အဓိက တာဝန္ ေတြ ကေတာ့၊ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရထဲမွာ ပါဝင္ႏိုင္တဲ့ အဏုဇီဝ ေရာဂါပိုးမႊားေတြ ကို သုတ္သင္ဖယ္ရွား ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔။<li>ေရညွိ မတက္ေစဘို႔<li>အနံ႔ဆိုး နဲ႔ ေအာ္ဂလီ ဆန္မဲ့ အရသာ ကို ဖယ္ရွားဘို႔။<li>မ်က္ေစ့ နဲ႔ ႏွာေခါင္း ယားယံေစတာ ကို မျဖစ္ေစဘို႔။<li>ေရခ်ိဳး (ဂ်ိဳး) မကပ္ေစဘို႔<li>ေရေတြ ၾကည္လင္ ၿပီး အေရာင္ တလက္လက္ ေနေစဘို႔။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fixtures </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fittings </span>ေတြ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Corrosion </span>မျဖစ္ေစဘို႔။</ul><br /><li>လူေတြ က ဆက္တိုက္ သံုးေနတာ နဲ႔ အတူ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment </span>ေတြ ကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Continuously </span>အဆက္မျပတ္ လုပ္ေပးေနရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အျပင္က က်လာမဲ့ ျမက္၊ ခဲ၊ သစ္ရြက္၊ စကၠဴ၊ ဖုန္၊ အမိႈက္ ေတြ ေၾကာင့္သာ မက ေရကူးတဲ့ သူေတြ က ေန ထြက္လာမဲ့ ေသး (ရႈရႈး)၊ ေခြ်း၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >dead skins </span>အေရခြံ၊ ဆံပင္၊ တံေတြး၊ ႏွပ္၊ သလိပ္၊ မိတ္ကပ္၊ ေခါင္းလိမ္းဆီ၊ စတာ ေတြ နဲ႔ အတူ ပါလာမဲ့ ေရာဂါပိုးမႊား ေတြ ကို လည္း ဆက္မပြားေစပဲ သန္႔စင္ ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုပါတယ္။ <br>(ေရျမင္ရင္ ရႈရႈး ေပါက္ခ်င္ တာက လူေတြ ရဲ့ ဗီဇ မို႔ ေရကူးကန္ ထဲ ေရကူးရင္း ရႈရႈး ေပါက္ ခ်တတ္ၾကတာ သဘာဝ ပါ။ ဘယ္သူမွ လည္း ႏွပ္ေတြ တံေတြးေတြ ကို မ်ိဳခ် ေနမွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ကလိုရင္း ရဲ့ အနံ႔ ေၾကာင့္ ႏွပ္ေတြ က လည္း ပိုေတာင္ ထြက္ပါေသးတယ္။ အားစိုက္လို႔ ထြက္လာတဲ့ ေခြ်းေတြ ကလည္း ေရထဲ ေပ်ာ္၊ ေသခ်ာ ေရမေဆး လာတဲ့ ဒြာရေတြ က.... <br/><span style="color: magenta;"> ရြံတတ္ရင္ေတာ့ ရြံေပါ့ေလ။ ဟာဟ ! <br/></span> <span style="color: green;"> သိပ္လည္း မစိုးရိမ္ ပါနဲ႔။ ဒါေတြ က ျမင္ရတာ မဟုတ္ သလို ေသခ်ာ ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ထားေလ့ ရွိတာ မို႔ ဒုကၡ လည္း မေပးလွပါဘူး။</span> <br>က်န္းမာေရး လိုအပ္ခ်က္ အရ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pools </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lockers, Showers & Toilets Facilities </span> ေတြ မျဖစ္မေန ပါဝင္ရပါတယ္။ ေရကူးမဲ့သူ ေတြ ကလည္း က်င့္ဝတ္စည္းကမ္း အေနနဲ႔ ေရကန္ထဲ မဆင္းခင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Shower </span> မွာ ေရခ်ိဳး ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္စာဖတ္သူ ကို လည္း ေရကူးကန္ထဲ မဆင္းခင္ နည္းနည္း ပိုသန္႔ သြားေအာင္ ေရေသခ်ာ ခ်ိဳး ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bladder </span> ထဲက ေရေတြ ကို လည္း အကုန္အစင္ နီးပါး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Drainage </span> လုပ္ ရွင္းၿပီးမွ ဆင္းဘို႔ တိုက္တြန္းလို ပါတယ္။ ေရကူးၿပီးေတာ့ လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Shower </span> မွာ ေရျပန္ခ်ိဳးပါ။ ေရကူးသြားဘို႔ အတြက္၊ ေရကူးဝတ္စံု၊ တံဘက္ နဲ႔ ၊ ဆပ္ျပာ၊ ေခါင္းေလွ်ာ္ရည္ (ဘူးေသး) ေတြ ကသင့္ေတာ္ ပါတယ္။ ေရကူးဝတ္စံု က အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ ေရေဆာ့တဲ့ ေနရာကလြဲ လို႔ မရွိ မကူးရ စည္းကမ္းရွိေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ေရကူးမ်က္မွန္ တပ္ရင္ေတာ့ မ်က္ေစ့ အစပ္ သက္သာ တဲ့ အျပင္ ေရငုတ္တဲ့ အခါ မ်က္စိ ပသာဒ ခံစားႏိုင္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ) <br/><br /><li>ေရကို အဆက္မျပတ္ သန္႔စင္ ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ အေျခခံ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li> ေရေတြ ကို အၿမဲသန္႔စင္ (စစ္) ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ ေရကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Treatment System </span>ထဲကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circulate </span>လုပ္ေပးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pumps </span>ေတြ လိုပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circulation </span>လွည့္ေပးတဲ့ ႏႈန္း ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Turnover </span>လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ အေသးစိတ္ ကို ေအာက္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MEP Section </span>မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးပါမယ္။<li>ေရကူးကန္ အႀကီးေတြ အတြက္ <span style="color: red;" >Turnover </span> က <span style="color: red;"> ၆ နာရီ </span> အတြင္း ေလာက္ပါ။ အသံုးနည္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Private Pools </span>ေတြ အတြက္ <span style="color: red;"> ၁၂ နာရီ </span> အထိ ေပမဲ့ လက္ခံ (ေက်နပ္) ႏိုင္ေလာက္တဲ့ ရလဒ္ ကို ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ကေလးေတြ ေဆာ့တဲ့ ခပ္တိမ္တိမ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wadding Pools </span> ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: red;"> ၁ နာရီ </span> - <span style="color: red;"> ၂ နာရီ </span> ေလာက္ အတြင္း ျဖစ္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ (မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ ႏိုင္ငံအလိုက္၊ ျပည္နယ္အလိုက္၊ ၿမိဳ့ အလို္က္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code Requirements </span>ေတြ မွာ ဒီလိုအပ္ခ်က္ ကို ေဖာ္ျပထားေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ လိုက္နာဘို႔ ရာလိုအပ္ပါတယ္။)<li>ေရထဲ ကို ေရာက္လာမဲ့ အညစ္အေၾကး နဲ႔ ေရာဂါပိုးမႊား ေတြ ကို အျမန္ဆံုး ဓာတ္ျပဳ ႏွိမ္နင္း ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Residual Chlorine </span>မမာဏ ကို ရရွိဘို႔။ (သိပ္မ်ားလြန္း ရင္ လည္း မ်က္ေစ႔ နဲ႔ အေရျပား ကို ဒုကၡ ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။)<li>ျမက္၊ ခဲ၊ သစ္ရြက္၊ ဆံပင္၊ စကၠဴ စတဲ့ အစိုင္အခဲ ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment System </span>ထဲမေရာက္ေစဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lint Catcher </span>ဇကာ။<li>ေရထဲက အမႈန္အမႊား ေတြ ကို စစ္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter (Sand Filter, DE Filter, Cartridge Filters, etc.)</span><li>ေရေပၚေပၚ ေနတဲ့ ေခါင္းလိမ္းဆီ၊ လူအဆီ၊ မိတ္ကပ္၊ ႏွပ္၊ သလိပ္၊ နဲ႔ အျခား ပစၥည္းေတြ ကို ဖယ္ထုတ္ေပး ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Skimmer </span>(ေရ အေပၚယံ လႊာကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filtration Systems </span> အတြင္း သို႔ စုတ္ယူေစ ေသာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fitting </span> ျဖစ္ၿပီး ကန္အေသးစား ေတြ အတြက္ သံုးႏိုင္သည္။ ကန္ႀကီးလွ်င္ သံုးရန္ မသင့္ေတာ္။) ဒါမွမဟုတ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Scum gutters </span>(ကန္ေရလွ်ံ က် တာ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Balancing Tanks </span> ထဲသို႔ ျပန္လည္ စီးဆင္းေပး ေစမဲ့ ေရေျမာင္းငယ္။ ကန္အႀကီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >- </span>ဂါလံ ၅၀ ၀၀၀<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, 189 m³ </span>အထက္ အတြက္ သံုးရသည္။ ကန္အေသးစားအတြက္ လည္း သံုးႏိုင္သည္။)<li>ေရကန္ထဲ မွာ ေရေသမဲ့ ေနရာ မေပၚပဲ ေကာင္းေကာင္း လွယ္ေပးေနႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment System </span>နဲ႔ သက္ဆိုင္တဲ့ ေရ အဝင္အထြက္ ကိုေသခ်ာ ျပင္ဆင္ရပါမယ္။ ေလးေထာင့္ပံု ဆို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >One Side </span>က အဝင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Opposite Side </span>က ျပန္ အထြက္ ေထာင့္ျဖတ္ ထားေပးျခင္း ျဖင့္ ေရေတြ ေကာင္းေကာင္း လွည့္ေန ေစၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment </span> ကိုျဖတ္ ေစရပါတယ္။ အဝင္ နဲ႔ အထြက္ ကို လည္း သိပ္မကြာေစသင့္ပါဘူး။ ဒီအတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Inlet </span>အေရအတြက္ နဲ႔ ေနရာခ်တဲ့ ေပၚမူတည္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li>ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Quality </span> ကို ထိန္းသိမ္းဘို႔ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Health & Safety </span> အတြက္ မျဖစ္မေန လိုက္နာရမဲ့ စည္းမ်ဥ္း စည္းကမ္း၊ ဥပေဒ ေတြ ကို ဆက္လက္ေဖာ္ျပမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>- အၾကမ္းေရးလက္စ -</b></span><br /><br /><li><a name="3"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Codes, Rules & Regulations</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Environment, Health and Safety </span>လို႔ ေခၚတဲ့ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္၊ က်န္းမာေရး နဲ႔ အႏၲရာယ္ ကင္းရွင္းေရး စတဲ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ ကို ထိန္းသိမ္းဘို႔ အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခ်က္ေတြ ကို တိုးတက္တဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ မွာ ႏိုင္ငံအလိုက္၊ (ၿမိဳ့အလိုက္၊ ျပည္နယ္ အလိုက္) သတ္မွတ္ထားတာ ရွိပါတယ္။ အဓိက ကေတာ့ သံုးမဲ့သူ ေတြ အႏၲရာယ္ ကင္းရွင္းေစ ဘို႔ နဲ႔ အမ်ားျပည္သူ က်န္းမာေရး ကို မထိခိုက္ ေစဘို႔ပါ။<li>အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pool </span>ေတြ အတြက္ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code </span>လိုအပ္ခ်က္ စည္းမ်ဥ္း ေတြ က မလိုက္နာ လို႔ မရတဲ့ စည္းမ်ဥ္းေတြပါ။ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pool </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operate </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ အတြက္ လို္င္စင္၊ ပါမစ္ လိုအပ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Quality </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >report </span>ပံုမွန္လုပ္ရေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါကလည္း ေဒသ အလိုက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ပါ။ မလိုတဲ့ ေနရာ လည္း ရွိေကာင္း ရွိႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။<li>ေနရာေဒသ အလိုက္ အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Regulation </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water quality </span>လိုအပ္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ အမွတ္တမဲ့ ဝင္ၿပီး ေရနစ္တာ ကို ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ ျခံစည္းရိုး ခတ္တာ ေလာက္ ပဲ ျပဌန္း ထားေပမဲ့ အခ်ိဳ႕ေနရာ ေတြ မွာေတာ့ ဒီဇိုင္း အေသးစိတ္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္၊ ရွိေနတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Technology </span>နဲ႔ ေဆာင္ရန္ ေရွာင္ရန္ အေသးစိတ္ ကို ပါ ေပးထား တတ္ပါေသးတယ္။<li>အခ်ိဳ႕ေဒသ ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specialist Contractor </span>ေတြ အတြက္ အထူးလိုအပ္ခ်က္ မရွိေပမဲ့ အခ်ိဳ႕ေဒသ ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pool Specialist </span>ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Licensing Process / Exam / Registeration </span>ေတြ ကို လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဘာစည္းမ်ဥ္း မွ မရွိဘူး ဆိုရင္ေတာင္ မွ က်န္းမာေရး အတြက္ လူေတြ စိတ္ခ်လက္ခ် သံုးလို႔ ရမဲ့ ေရကူးကန္ ျဖစ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<li>ဒီလိုအပ္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ စာဖတ္သူ ဆက္လက္ ေလ့လာႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >WebLinks </span>နဲ႔ အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြ ကို ေနာက္ပိုင္း မွာ အလ်င္းသင့္သလို ထည့္သြင္း ေဖာ္ျပေပးမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><li><a name="4"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Safety</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li>ပထမ ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ လိုတာ က လူေတြ ေရ မနစ္ေစဘို႔ပါ။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ တစ္ေယာက္ တည္း ကူးေနတုန္း (မကူးတတ္လို႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊ ၾကြက္တက္ လို႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္) ေရနစ္ ရင္ ဘဝကူးဘို႔ ေသခ်ာသေလာက္ပါပဲ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ တစ္ေယာက္ ထဲ မကူးပါနဲ႔။ အေဖာ္ နဲ႔ သြားကူးတာ က အေရးၾကံဳရင္ အကူအညီ ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ( ေရနစ္ခ်င္ေယာင္ ေဆာင္ၿပီး ေနာက္တာ မ်ိဳး ကို လည္း ေရွာင္ပါ။ ) ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lifeguard on duty </span>ရွိေနတဲ့ အေျခအေန မွာ ကူးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Public Pool </span>ေတြ မွာ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lifeguard </span>ရွိေန ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ မရွိရင္ လည္း မရွိေၾကာင္း ေရကူးတဲ့သူ ကန္ထဲ မဆင္းခင္ အလြယ္တကူ ျမင္သာတဲ့ ေနရာမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Notice </span>ခ်ထားေပး ထားရ ပါတယ္။ အေရးအေၾကာင္း မွာ သံုးဘို႔ ေဘာကြင္း နဲ႔ ႀကိဳးလို အသက္ကယ္ ပစၥည္းေတြ သာ မက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >First Aids Kits </span>ေတြပါ အသင့္ ထားထားေပးရပါတယ္။ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >WaterQuality </span>ကို တိုင္းဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Kits </span>ေတြ လည္း ကန္နားမွာ အဆင္သင့္ ထားထားေပးရတတ္ ပါေသးတယ္။<li>အမွတ္တမဲ့ ကန္ထဲက် ေရနစ္ ႏိုင္မဲ့ ေနရာ က ကန္ေတြကုိ သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ ျခံစည္းရိုး ကာေပး ထားဘို႔ လိုအပ္တတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Private Pool </span>ေတြ ဆိုရင္ ေတာ့ ကေလးငယ္ ေတြကို ကန္နား မွာ အမွတ္တမဲ့ မထားမိဘို႔ အထူး ဂရုစိုက္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <li>ေရနစ္ရတဲ့ ေနာက္တစ္ခု ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>ေတြမွာ ပိတ္ခ်ဳပ္မိ ေနၿပီး ေရနစ္တာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pool </span>အရြယ္ နဲ႔ မလိုက္ေအာင္ ေရစုတ္ အားႀကီးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump </span>ေတြပါဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Spa Pool </span>ေတြမွာ ျဖစ္တာ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။</ul><li>ဒုတိယ လိုအပ္တာ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Treatment System </span>ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Quality </span>ထိခိုက္မႈ ေတြ ကို ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ ပါ။ ျဖစ္တတ္တာေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li>အက္ဆစ္ ေတြ မ်ားေနလို႔ အေရျပား မ်က္ေစ့ ထိခိုက္တာ<li>ကလိုရင္း မ်ားလို႔ အေရျပား မ်က္ေစ့ ထိခိုက္တာ၊ အဆုတ္ ထိခိုက္တာ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Residual Chlorine </span>(ေရထဲမွာ အပိုက်န္ေနတဲ့ ကလိုရင္း) နည္းလို႔ (သို႔) ထိထိေရာက္ေရာက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water treatment </span>မလုပ္ႏိုင္လို႔ ဘက္တီးရီးယား အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ပြားၿပီး ေရကူးတဲ့သူ ကို ဒုကၡေပးတာ။ </ol> စတာေတြပါ။<br/>ဒါေတြေၾကာင့္ လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Quality </span>ကို မၾကာခန တိုင္းတာ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Monitor </span>လုပ္ေနရတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</ol><br /><br /><li><a name="5"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>MEP Systems</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: magenta;">System Components</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pool </span>တစ္ခု မွာ ပါဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MEP Systems </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circulation Pumps </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Filters (Sand, D.E, Cartridge, etc.) </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Treatments Systems</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Balancing (Skimmers / Balancing Tank)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pipe & Fittings (Water Inlet Nozzles, Pipings, Valves, Strainers, Main Drains, Channel Grating, Skimmers, etc.)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Supply Make-up Fittings</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Underwater Lights (Low Voltage)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Electrical Control Panel</span></ol><br /><li> ေနရာေဒသ ရာသီဥတု ကိုလိုက္လို႔ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊ သံုးစြဲသူ အႀကိဳက္ ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pool Heating (Heat Pumps, Electric, Gas, etc.)</span> ေတြ လည္း ပါဝင္ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circulation Pumps </span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Filters (Sand, D.E, Cartridge, etc.) </span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Treatments Systems</span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Balancing (Skimmers / Balancing Tank)</span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Supply Make-up Fittings</span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pipe & Fittings (Water Inlet Nozzles, Pipings, Strainers, Main Drains, Channel Grating, Skimmers, etc.)</span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Underwater Lights (Low Voltage)</span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Electrical Control Panel</span><br /><br /></ol><br /><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Capacity Calculations</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: red;">Turnover </span><br />Turnover (hours) = Pool Water Volume / Pumping Rate per hour<br />Pool Water Volume<br />ft3 x 7.5 = US Gal<br />Rectangular, Constant Depth ( Length x width x height )<br />Rectangular, Sloped Depth<br />Retangular, Mixed<br />Odd Shape, Constant Depth<br />Odd Shape and Odd Depth<br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Water Balancing (Balancing Tanks Sizing vs Skimmer System)</span><br />Water Balancing (Balancing Tanks Sizing vs Skimmer System)<br />Bather Load<br />Wave<br />System<br /></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></ol><br /><br /><li><a name="6"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Construction</b></span><br />Coordination with Architects & Structural Engineers<br />Aesthetic (Architectural Appeal)<br />Spaces for MEP Systems<br />Water Pressure vs Structure (similar to water tanks)<br />Water Proofing to prevent water leaks (membrane, double slabs, puddle flanges, etc.)<br /><br /><li><a name="7"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Pool Maintenance</b></span><br />Cleaning / Vacuum<br />Filter Backwash<br />Water Quality Check<br />System Check<br /><br />Winternize (Close During Winter) http://www.poolandspa.com/page107.htm<br /><br /><li><a name="8"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Other Pools & Fish Ponds</b></span><br />Separate Pumping for<br />Jacuzzi<br />Spa<br />Water Fall<br />Swimming Pool <> Fish ponds (Totally different, Treatment, Filter, etc.)<br />Fish died coz pool water splash into fish ponds<br /><br />Water Fountains, Water Features<br /><br /><li><a name="9"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Natatoriums - HVAC</b></span><br /><br /><li><a name="10"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>References</b></span></ol><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Web-Links</b></span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://www.watermaid.ca/swimming-pool-fundamentals.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pool Fundamentals.html</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.watermaid.ca/swimming-pool-fundamentals.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wiki Swimming_pool</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.jazziepools.com/services/poolops.asp" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pool Operations</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.jazziepools.com/services/poolops.asp</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.pentairpool.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pentair Water Pool and Spa</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.pentairpool.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.haywardnet.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hayward Pool Product</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.haywardnet.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.hydrotechuae.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hydrotech (uae)</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.hydrotechuae.com/</span> ]</a><br /><br />Chlorination<br /><li><a href="http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/swimming-pool-sanitation-make-your-swimming-pool-clean-and-safe-health" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Swimming Pool Sanitation Article</span><br/>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/swimming-pool-sanitation-make-your-swimming-pool-clean-and-safe-health</span> ]</a><br /><br /><li><a href="http://www.nspf.org/Codes_Links.html" target="_blank" title="National Swimming Pool Foundation"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >National Swimming Pool Foundation: Code Links</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.nspf.org/Codes_Links.html</span> ]</a><br /><br /><br /><li><a href="http://app2.nea.gov.sg/NEADownload.aspx?res_sid=20081202770387696494" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >NEA Singapore - Swimming Pool License Renewal Application</span><br/>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://app2.nea.gov.sg/NEADownload.aspx?res_sid=20081202770387696494</span> ]</a><br /><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool" target="_blank" title="View wiki..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wiki-Swimming Pools</span></a><br /><br /></ol></span><br /><br /><br />http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/swimming-pool-sanitation-make-your-swimming-pool-clean-and-safe-health<br /><br /><br /><br />http://waterworldinc.net/CodeSection/CountyList.htm<br /><br />ဒီဇိုင္း ကို အေသးစိတ္ သတ္မွတ္ေပး ထားတာက<br />http://waterworldinc.net/CodeSection/FultonCountyFiles/FultonCountyCodes.htm<br /><br />http://app2.nea.gov.sg/onlinesvcs_swimmingpool.aspx<br /><br /><br />Anthropometrics<br /><br /><br />http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabId=234&Alias=rainbow&Lang=en<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Archimedes’ Principle<br /><br />Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the International Federation (IF) recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)[1] for administering international competition in the aquatic sports (its name translated from French is "International Swimming Federation").<br /><br />its name translated from French is "International Swimming Federation").<br />FINA Facilities Rules<br />Fédération Internationale de Natation - FINA (fina.org)<br />http://www.fina.org/project/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=119<br /><br /><br />SWIMMING POOL WATER<br />Treatment and quality standards for pools and spas<br />http://www.pwtag.org/home.html<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-4149702575991344567?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-23811686789532376002009-10-05T17:27:00.043+08:002009-10-29T10:54:55.674+08:00HVAC Control (01) - Chilled Water Fan Coil Units<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Conditioning System </span> မွာ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span> တစ္မ်ိဳး ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Room Fan Coil Unit </span>ပါ။<li>သံုးေလ့ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Fan Coil Application </span>ေတြကေတာ့။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature & Humidity Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Multi-Speed (Cooling) with Temperature Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable Speed (Cooling) Control</span></ol> ေတြ ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။</ul><span id="fullpost"><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature Control</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ဒါကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Conditioning </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit </span> သံုးတဲ့ အခါ အသံုးအမ်ား ဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Configuration </span>ပါ။ <li>တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS Controller </span>အစား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Microprocessor </span>ပါၿပီးသား ျဖစ္တဲ့ အသင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FCU Remote Controller </span>ကို သံုးတာလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Speed Control (Hi/Med/Low) </span>ကို လိုခ်င္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Panel </span>မွာ ထည့္သြင္းႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li>အခန္းကို သန္႔ေအာင္ ေလ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>နဲ႔ ထပ္ခါထပ္ခါ စစ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Change Rate </span>လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခါ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Single Speed - Constant Volume System </span>ကို သံုးပါတယ္။<li>အေသးေတြ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Control </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Critical </span>မဟုတ္ခဲ့ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Control Valve </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating </span>မဟုတ္ပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >On-Off Control </span>နဲ႔ တင္ သံုးလို႔ ရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Trend Pattern </span>ကေတာ့ သိပ္ညီညာေနမွာ မဟုတ္ပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set point </span>နားမွာ လႊသြားလို အတက္အက် ျဖစ္ေနပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Return Air Temperature ( Room Air Temperature) </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sense </span>လုပ္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ထဲမွာ ထည့္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set Point </span>နဲ႔ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Flow </span>ကို အနည္းအမ်ား ညွိဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motorized Valve </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္တာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Control </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Critical </span> ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ထိန္းႏိုင္ဘို႔ အေကာင္းဆံုး က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PI (Proportional & Integral) Control </span>သံုးဘို႔ပါပဲ။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control </span>အေျခခံ ေတြကို <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/automatic-control-systems-in-buildings.html"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control Systems</span></a> မွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: red;"> ဒီစာ ကို မဖတ္ခင္ သြားေရာက္ ေလ့လာ ေစလိုပါတယ္။</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature Control </span>နမူနာ တစ္ခု ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<br /><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Control Diagram</b></span><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Ssm8bLJQCRI/AAAAAAAAAio/dl2pPvuDGds/s400/bas01fcu.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5389045604159588626" /><br /><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Ssm8a1KRzOI/AAAAAAAAAig/LQE2exLsHoc/s400/bas02fcusym.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5389045598258318562" /><br/><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>BAS I/O Points Schedule</b></span><br /><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="6%">NO.</td><td style="text-align: left;" width="40%">INPUT / OUTOUT VARIABLES</td><td style="" width="6%">DO</td><td style="" width="6%">AO</td><td style="" width="6%">DI</td><td style="" width="6%">AI</td></tr><tr><td style="">1</td><td style="text-align: left;">RETURN AIR TEMPERATURE</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td></tr><tr><td style="">2</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN ON/OFF CONTROL</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">3</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN ON/OFF STATUS</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">4</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN TRIP STATUS</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">5</td><td style="text-align: left;">LOCAL/BAS SWITCH MODES</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">6</td><td style="text-align: left;">CHILLED WATER VALVE CONTROL</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">7</td><td style="text-align: left;">CONTROL VALVE POISTION</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td></tr><tr><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: left;">TOTAL :</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">3</td><td style="">2</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: magenta;">Note</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature control shall be of <span style="color: red;">PI</span> mode</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Point Schedule </span>နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး သိသင့္တာေတြ ကေတာ့။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Local Control </span>အတြက္ ဆိုရင္ ေတာ့ အေရးအႀကီး ဆံုး က <span style="color: red;" >No. 1</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Room/Return Air Temperature </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: red;" >No.6</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Valve Control </span>ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PI Mode </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: red;" >No.7</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Valve Position </span>ကလည္း ပိုၿပီး ထိထိေရာက္ေရာက္ ထိန္းႏိုင္ဘို႔ အက်ိဳးျပဳပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: red;" >No. 2</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > FAN ON/OFF CONTROL </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: red;" >No. 5</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >LOCAL/BAS SWITCH MODES </span>ေတြ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Central BMS </span>ကေန ထိန္းေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ အေထာက္အကူ ျပဳပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: red;" >No. 3</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >On/Off Status </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: red;" >No. 4</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FAN TRIP STATUS </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Monitoring </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ အတြက္နဲ႔ ျပႆနာ တစ္ခုခု ရွိရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Alarm </span>ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ပါ။</ul><br /><li>ပစၥည္းေတြ ေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အခါ စဥ္းစားရမွာ ေတြကေတာ့ <br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: red;">Modulating Valve</span>:<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Size </span>မွန္ဘို႔၊ <li>အမ်ိဳးအစားမွန္ဘို႔ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flow Characteristic </span>သင့္ေလ်ာ္ဘို႔၊ မွန္ဘို႔။ </ul><li><span style="color: magenta;">Modulating Valve Drive</span> : <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span> နဲ႔ သင့္ေတာ္ဘို႔၊ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Compatible </span>ျဖစ္ဘို႔</ul><li><span style="color: magenta;">Sensor </span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>Type အမ်ိဳးအစား သင့္ေတာ္ဘို႔<li>Range & Accuracy သင့္ေတာ္ဘို႔<li>Response Time သင့္ေတာ္ဘို႔</ul><li><span style="color: magenta;">Controllers</span> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Reliability </span>(စိတ္ခ်ရဘို႔၊ ထိန္းႏိုင္တာ ေသခ်ာဘို႔)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Interface (BAS </span>နဲ႔ ေခ်ာေခ်ာေမြ႕ေမြ႕ ဆက္သြယ္ ႏိုင္ဘို႔)</ul></ul><br /><li> အေသးစိတ္ ကို အရင္ Post <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/automatic-control-systems-in-buildings.html"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control Systems</span></a>တြင္ ေလ့လာပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FCU Off (i.e. Fan Off)</span> (စက္ပိတ္) ထားတဲ့ အခ်ိန္မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motorized Control Valve </span>ကိုလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Close (Off) </span>လုပ္ၿပီး ပိတ္ခိုင္းဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Interlock </span> လုပ္ေပးရပါမယ္။ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ထဲမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Program Logic </span>ကို ဒီလို ထည့္လို႔ ရေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။)<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Constant Volume (Cooling) with Temperature & Humidity Control</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Space Temperature </span>ကို ထိန္းဘို႔ အတြက္ အဓိက ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ကို အတိုင္းအတာ တစ္ခု အထိေတာ့ ထိန္းမယ္ ဆို ထိန္းလို႔ ရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Heat Ratio </span>ကလည္း မ်ားမယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Heat Ratio = ( Sensible Load / Total Load ) > 0.8 </span>၊ ေနာက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Space Sensible Load </span>ကလည္း အေျပာင္းအလဲ သိပ္မရိွဘူး၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span>ကလည္း သိပ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Critical </span>မဟုတ္ဘူး ဆိုတဲ့ အေျခအေန မ်ိဳးမွာပါ။<li>ဒီ အေျခအေန မ်ိဳးမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ထိန္းဘို႔ အတြက္ အခန္းထဲ က လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew Point Temperature </span>အထိ ရေအာင္ ခ်ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treated Outdoor Air </span>ကို သြင္းေပးထားရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Critical </span>ဆိုရင္ေတာင္ ထိန္းလို႔ ရေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ (ေအာက္ က ပံု ကို ၾကည့္ပါ။ )<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/StBIf6ipszI/AAAAAAAAAi4/_aVnrrWH6iY/s400/ACRHbyMakeUp.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390888467090223922" /><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span> ထိန္းတဲ့ နည္းလမ္းေတြ ကေတာ့။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume Air Supply with Treated Outdoor Air Ventilation (when RSH is high)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume Air Supply with Re-Heat Coil (when RSH is low / varies)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable Volume Air Supply with Constantly cool coil</span></ol><br /><li>အခန္းထဲ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wet Process </span>ပါလို႔ ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ လူေတြ သိပ္က်ပ္ေနလို႔ ေခြ်းထြက္မ်ားမဲ့ အေျခအေန မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Heat Ratio </span>က နည္းလာပါတယ္။ ဒီအေျခအေန မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ကိုပါ ထိန္းဘို႔ လိုအပ္လာတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume System </span> ဆိုရင္ အရမ္း ေအး မသြားေအာင္ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RH </span> တက္မလာ ေအာင္ ထိန္းဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Heat </span> တင္ေပးဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Re-heat </span> လိုအပ္တာမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heater </span>ထည့္ေပးရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thermistor Controlled Electrical Heater </span> က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Control </span> လုပ္လို႔ ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AHU </span>ဆိုရင္ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Condenser Water </span>ကို အသံုးခ်ဘို႔ စဥ္းစား ခ်င့္ခ်ိန္သင့္ပါတယ္။<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/StBLGbSnbdI/AAAAAAAAAjA/XgOjbhPbm6c/s400/bas02fcuwithheater.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390891327739620818" /><br /><li>ဒီအတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heater Capacity Control </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS point </span>တစ္ခု ထပ္တိုးလာပါတယ္။<br /><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="6%">NO.</td><td style="text-align: left;" width="40%">INPUT / OUTOUT VARIABLES</td><td style="" width="6%">DO</td><td style="" width="6%">AO</td><td style="" width="6%">DI</td><td style="" width="6%">AI</td></tr><tr><td style="">1</td><td style="text-align: left;">RETURN AIR TEMPERATURE</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td></tr><tr><td style="">2</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN ON/OFF CONTROL</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">3</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN ON/OFF STATUS</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">4</td><td style="text-align: left;">FAN TRIP STATUS</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">5</td><td style="text-align: left;">LOCAL/BAS SWITCH MODES</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">6</td><td style="text-align: left;">CHILLED WATER VALVE CONTROL</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">7</td><td style="text-align: left;">CONTROL VALVE POISTION</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td></tr><tr><td style="">8</td><td style="color: magenta; text-align: left;">Electric Heater Capacity Control</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="">1</td><td style="color: magenta;">&nbsp;</td><td style="">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: left;">TOTAL :</td><td style="">1</td><td style="color: magenta;">2</td><td style="">3</td><td style="">2</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: magenta;">Note</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control shall be of <span style="color: red;">PI</span> mode</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span> အတြက္ စဥ္းစားတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Psychrometry </span> ကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ နားလည္ေနဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span> အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew Point Temperature 10.8°C</span> ေလာက္လိုခ်င္ တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Temperature </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >5 to 6.5 °C </span>ကသင့္ေတာ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >8°C </span> ထက္ ျမင့္လို႔ မရတာ သတိထားပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable Fan Speed </span>နဲ႔ ထိန္းရင္ လည္း အတိုင္းအတာ တစ္ခု အထိ အဆင္ေျပတတ္ပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Multi-Speed (Cooling) with Temperature Control</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>သေဘာတရား ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constant Volume </span>နဲ႔ အတူတူပါပဲ။ လုပ္ေလ့ရွိတာ က ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Thermostat / Control Panel) </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hi/Med/Low Mode </span>ကိုေရြးခ်ယ္ခြင့္ ရတာပဲ ပိုပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Variable Speed (Cooling) Control</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FCU </span>ေတြ က သက္ဆိုင္ရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manufacturer </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Special Equipments </span>ေတြပါ။ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Remote </span>နဲ႔ အတူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Microprocessor Control </span>ပါၿပီး အျပင္ က သီးသန္႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ထည့္ေပးစရာ လိုအပ္ေလ့ မရိွပါဘူး။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FCU Fan Drive </span>ေတြ က အထူးဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motor Drive </span>ေတြ ပါ။ (ဥပမာ။ ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Stepless Motor Drive)</span></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Chilled Water Valve Control: On-Off vs. (PI) Modulating</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေလထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ့ ပကတိ ေရေငြ႔ ပမာဏ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Absolute Humidity (Humidity Ratio) </span>မေျပာင္းလဲ တဲ့ အေျခအေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Wet Process </span>မရွိတဲ့ ေနရာ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Storage </span>(သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Human Occupancy </span>နည္းတဲ့ ေနရာ) ၊ တစ္နည္းအားျဖင့္ ေျပာရမယ္ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Cooling / Heating </span>ပဲလိုအပ္တဲ့ အခါမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>နဲနဲ ေလးေျပာင္းတာ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Relative Humidity (RH) </span>သိသိသာသာ ေျပာင္းတာ ကို ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။ (ဒီ အခ်က္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခါ တိုင္း ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစား ဘို႔ မေမ့ေစခ်င္ ပါဘူး။)<li>ေအာက္မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Psychometric Chart </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Extract </span>လုပ္ထားတဲ့ ပံုကို ေဖာ္ျပ ထားပါတယ္။ <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MLRNzIdI/AAAAAAAAAjI/OVHSrhER7eA/s1600-h/PsyTvsRH.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MLRNzIdI/AAAAAAAAAjI/OVHSrhER7eA/s400/PsyTvsRH.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394622053887451602" /></a><br /><li>ဒီပံု အရ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Room Condition Setpoint 23°C </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >50% RH </span>အေနအထားမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1°C </span>ေျပာင္းတာ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >3% RH </span>ေျပာင္းသြားတာ ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။ <li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve On-Off </span>နဲ႔ ပဲ ထိန္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set point </span>အနား အတက္အက် ျဖစ္တာ မို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RH </span>က လည္း ဒီလို လိႈင္းေပၚလာပါတယ္။ <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MM6ZXWSI/AAAAAAAAAjo/aF_hSyV_cMs/s1600-h/BasTempByOnOff.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 323px; height: 228px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MM6ZXWSI/AAAAAAAAAjo/aF_hSyV_cMs/s400/BasTempByOnOff.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394622082121685282" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MMjZqv4I/AAAAAAAAAjg/-yh85IDbhek/s1600-h/BasRHByOnOff.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 334px; height: 165px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MMjZqv4I/AAAAAAAAAjg/-yh85IDbhek/s400/BasRHByOnOff.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394622075948941186" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PI (Proportional plus Integral) Modulating Control </span>နဲ႔ ထိန္းတဲ့ အခါ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set point </span>နားမွာ ကပ္ေနၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RH </span>ကလည္း ပိုၿပီး ၿငိမ္ေနတာ ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MMAsJclI/AAAAAAAAAjY/O-tzHelYnUQ/s1600-h/BasTempByModPI.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 330px; height: 232px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2MMAsJclI/AAAAAAAAAjY/O-tzHelYnUQ/s400/BasTempByModPI.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394622066631209554" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2ML1kw1mI/AAAAAAAAAjQ/lun5-kU9crw/s1600-h/BasRHByModPI.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 314px; height: 177px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/St2ML1kw1mI/AAAAAAAAAjQ/lun5-kU9crw/s400/BasRHByModPI.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394622063647446626" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Load </span>က တေျဖးေျဖး ဝင္လာ တာ ျဖစ္ေပမဲ့ ေလထဲ ကို ေရေငြ႕ထည့္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Latent Load </span>ကေတာ့ ခ်က္ခ်င္းေရာက္ပါတယ္။ <br/><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity (<span style="color: red;">Latent</span>) Load</span> = <span style="color: red;">Instant Load</span><br/><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wet Process </span> (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Spray Washing, Steam Fumes, etc.</span> )ရွိတဲ့ အခါ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။ လိုအပ္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Local Exhaust </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Interlock </span>လုပ္ေပးရပါမယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled water Valve On </span>တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coil Apparatus Dew Points </span>က အခန္းရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew Point Temperature </span>ထက္နိမ့္မယ္ ဆိုရင္) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Condensate </span>ျဖစ္တတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>ပိတ္လိုက္ တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coil Temperature </span>တက္လာတာ မို႔ ျပန္ အေငြ႕ ျပန္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို အေျခအေန ဆို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RH Variation </span>က ပိုေတာင္ မ်ားပါလိမ့္အံုးမယ္။ (ဒီအေျခအေန အတြက္ အထိုက္အေလ်ာက္ ေျဖရွင္းေပးႏိုင္မွာ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Apparatus Dew Point Temperature </span>က အခန္းရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew Point Temperature </span>ထက္ ျမင့္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dry Coil </span>ကို ေရြးခ်ယ္သံုးဘို႔ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Supply Temperature </span>ကို လည္း ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dry Coil </span> နဲ႔ သင့္ေတာ္ေအာင္ ျမွင့္ ေပးရပါလိမ့္မယ္။)</ul><br /><br /></ol><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-2381168678953237600?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-55257171694268536912009-09-07T18:07:00.125+08:002009-10-28T17:37:05.823+08:00Automatic Control Systems in Buildings<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>မ်က္ေမွာက္ေခတ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Buildings </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipments </span>ေတြ က အမ်ားႀကီး မို႔ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipments </span>ေတြ ကို ထိန္းသိမ္း ေမာင္းႏွင္ တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >operator </span> ေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >manually operate </span> လုပ္တာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >efficient </span> မျဖစ္၊ မထိေရာက္ေတာ့ ပါဘူး။ <li> ဒါေၾကာင့္ အလိုအေလ်ာက္ ထိန္းသိမ္း အလုပ္လုပ္ ေဆာင္ႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control </span>ေတြ က အေရးပါ လာပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dynamic Response </span>လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခါ အလိုလို တြက္ခ်က္ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control Systems </span>ေတြ က ပိုမိုထိေရာက္ စြာ စြမ္းေဆာင္ ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <br /></ul><span id="fullpost"><a name="0"></a><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><a href="#1"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Introduction</span></a><li><a href="#2"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies</span></a><li><a href="#3"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Fundamentals</span></a><li><a href="#4"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Examples</span></a><li><a href="#5"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >References</span></a></ol></ul><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><a name="1"></a><span style="color: red;"><b>Introduction</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Owner </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operation </span>လိုအပ္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ တတ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ ေငြေၾကး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Budget </span>ကို လိုက္လို႔ ရိုးရိုးရွင္းရွင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simple Stand-alone Control </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Integrated Control Systems </span> အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <li>ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Systems </span>ေတြ ကို သံုးစြဲမႈ အတိမ္အနက္ ကို လိုက္ၿပီး အေခၚအေဝၚ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control System</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Home Automation System</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Automation System (<span style="color: red;">BAS</span>)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Management System (<span style="color: red;">BMS</span>)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Monitoring and Control System (<span style="color: red;">EMCS</span>)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Management System (<span style="color: red;">EMS</span>)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Facility Management System (<span style="color: red;">FMS</span>)</span></ul><br /><li>ရိုးရွင္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Systems </span>ဥပမာ ေတြ ကေတာ့။<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Domestic Water Transfer Pump Control </span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အမိုးေပၚ ကေရကန္ထဲမွာ ေရမရွိရင္ ေမာင္းတင္၊ ေရျပည့္ရင္ အလိုလိုရပ္၊ <li>ေရကန္ထဲမွာ ေရနည္းရင္ (သို႔) ေရလွ်ံ ေနရင္ အခ်က္ေပး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Alarm)</span>။<li>ေရပန္႔တစ္ခု အလုပ္မလုပ္ရင္ ေနာက္တစ္ခု အလိုလို အစားဝင္၊<li>သာမန္ အေျခအေန မွာ မီတာခ သက္သာ တဲ့ ညအခ်ိန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Timer </span>ေပးထားၿပီး ေရမျပည့္မခ်င္း ေမာင္းတင္တာ၊ ျပည့္သြားရင္ အလိုလို ရပ္</ul><li><span style="color: magenta;">Drainage Sump Pump Control </span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရဆိုးကန္၊ မိုးေရကန္ ေရျပည့္ရည္ အလိုလို ေမာင္းထုတ္။<li>ေရလွ်ံ ေနရင္ အခ်က္ေပး</ul><li><span style="color: magenta;">Fire Pump Control</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေရးေပၚ မီးအေျခအေန မွာ မီးသတ္ေရပန္႔ အလိုလို ေမာင္း။ <li>မီးလွန္႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fire Alarm Activate</span> လုပ္။</ul></ul><br /><li>ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>မ်ိဳးက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Central BAS </span>နဲ႔ မတြဲပဲလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Panel </span>ကေန တိုက္ရိုက္ ထိန္းလို႔ ရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Central BAS </span>နဲ႔ တြဲခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Contact Point </span>ေပးရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC </span>လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Environment Control </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္လာတဲ့ အခါ မွာ ေတာ့ ရိုးရိုးရွင္းရွင္း ကေန ပိုမို ရႈတ္ေထြး သိမ္ေမြ႕ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control System </span>ေတြ လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။ <br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building MEP Services </span>ေတြျဖစ္ၾကတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Systems, Plumbing Systems, Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, Lighting, Power </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Security System </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >controls and monitors </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >computer-based control system </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS </span>(သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BMS </span>လို႔ ေခၚဆိုေလ့ ရွိၾကပါတယ္။<br /><li>အေရးေပၚ အေျခအေန မွာ သူ႔အလိုလို အလုပ္လုပ္တာ၊ တာဝန္ရွိတဲ့ သူေတြ ဆီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >SMS </span>(သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >email </span>ပို႔ အေၾကာင္းၾကား တာ၊ အေရးေပၚ ေၾကျငာခ်က္ေတြ ကို ႀကိဳတင္ အသံသြင္းထားတဲ့ အတိုင္း ထုတ္လႊင့္တာေတြ ပါ ထည္႔သြင္းေပးႏိုင္ ပါေသးတယ္။<br /><li>တင္းက်ပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Stringent Environment Control Conditions </span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Utilities Systems</span> ေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး ပါဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Electronic / Pharmaceutical Factories </span>ေတြ မွာေတာ့ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Control Systems </span>က အဆေပါင္း မ်ားစြာ ပိုမိုသိမ္ေမြ႕၊ ပိုမို ရႈတ္ေထြး တာမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Facility Management System (FMS)</span> လို႔ ေခၚဆို ၾကပါတယ္။<li>စာေရးသူ ပါဝင္ေဆာက္လုပ္ခဲ့ ဘူးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Electronic Factory </span>တစ္ခုက ပထမဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Phase 1 </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cleanroom </span> အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ULPA Filter </span> တပ္ဆင္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FFU (Fan Filter Units) </span>အလံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >3,600 </span> တပ္ဆင္ ရပါတယ္။ တစ္လံုးစီ က လိုအပ္ခ်က္ အတိုင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Flow Velocity </span> ရေစဘို႔ တစ္ခုခ်င္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Speed (rpm) </span>ညွိေပးရပါတယ္။ ဒါကို အစမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >manually setup </span>လုပ္လို႔ ရေပမဲ့ တကယ္တန္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >operate </span> လုပ္တဲ့ အခါမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FMS </span> မပါရင္ ဘယ္လို မွ ခရီးတြင္မွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။<li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FMS </span> လိုပဲ သိမ္ေမြ႕နက္နဲ ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Industrial Control / Automation Systems </span> ေတြနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process Control Systems </span>ေတြလည္း ရွိပါေသးတယ္။ ( စာေရးသူ မွာ ဒီ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Systems </span> နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >NUS </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MSc.</span> တက္တုန္းက စာေတြ႔ သင္ယူ ေလ့လာခဲ့ ဘူးေပမဲ့ အေတြ႕အၾကံဳ ေတာ့ မရွိေသးပါဘူး။ )<br /></ul><br /><br /><a href="#0">- <span style="color: magenta;">Back to Top</span> -</a><br /><br /><li><a name="2"></a><span style="color: red;"><b>BAS Points Schedule and Control Strategies</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Engineer </span>ေတြ သိထားသင့္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS </span>အေျခခံ ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS Points Schedule</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Input / Output </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Digital / Analog</span></ul><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Strategies (Control / Monitor / Alarms)</span></ul><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>BAS Points Schedule </b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေျခခံ အေနနဲ႔ ေျပာေလ ့ရွိတာက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS Points Schedule </span>ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;" >DI</span> (Digital Input), <span style="color: red;" >DO</span> (Digital Output), <span style="color: red;" >AI</span> (Analog Input), <span style="color: red;" >AO</span> (Analog Output) </span>စသည္ျဖင့္ ေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ရခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Strategies </span>ကို လိုက္ၿပီး လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >points </span>အေရအတြက္ ကို သတ္မွတ္ရပါတယ္။<br><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >Input <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > or </span> Output </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Terminal Box </span>ဘက္ ကေန ၾကည့္ ၿပီး အဝင္အထြက္ ကို ေခၚတာပါ။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Output</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control System </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>ဆီကို ထြက္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Output, </span>ဒါကို <span style="color: red;" >Command Signal </span>လို႔ ေခၚႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Input</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment / Instruments </span>ထဲကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control System </span>ထဲကို ဝင္လာရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Input </span> ပါ။ ဒါကို <span style="color: red;" >Status Signal </span>လို႔ ေခၚႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >Digital (Binary) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > or </span> Analog </span>:<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Digital </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Two Position</span> (either <span style="color: magenta;">0</span> or <span style="color: magenta;">1</span>) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >0 </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1 </span>တစ္ခုခု ပဲ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္တာ မို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Digital </span>လို႔ ေခၚတာပါ။ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Binary </span>လို႔လည္း ေခၚတတ္ၾကပါေသးတယ္။ <li><span style="color: magenta;">Angalog </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Any Position</span> (from <span style="color: magenta;">0</span> to <span style="color: magenta;">1</span>), <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >0 </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >100% </span>အတြင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Any Value </span>ကို သတ္မွတ္ ႏိုင္တာမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Analog </span>လို႔ ေခၚတာပါ။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" >DO</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Digital Output</span>) : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>တစ္ခုခု ကို စဘို႔၊ ရပ္ဘို႔ (သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Actuator </span>တစ္ခုခု ကို အဖြင့္အပိတ္ (အျပည့္ဖြင့္၊ အျပည့္ပိတ္) လုပ္ခိုင္း ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: red;" >Command Signal </span>ပါ။<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: green;" >On / Off</span> (Sometimes called <span style="color: green;" >Start / Stop</span>) : Equipments</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: green;" > Open / Close </span> [ Fully Open / Fully Close ] : Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" >AO</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Analog Output</span>) : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>တစ္ခုခု ရဲ့ လည္ပတ္ႏႈန္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(rpm) </span>ကိုထိန္းဘို႔၊ (သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Actuator </span>တစ္ခုခု ကို (အျပည့္ဖြင့္၊ အျပည့္ပိတ္ တင္ မဟုတ္ပဲ) လိုခ်င္တဲ့ ေနရာ အလိုက္ အဖြင့္အပိတ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating </span>လုပ္ခိုင္း ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: red;" >Command Signal </span>ပါ။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: green;" >Modulating Control</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers </span><li><span style="color: green;" >Speed Control</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable-Frequency Drive(<span style="color: red;">VFD</span>) [ VFDs </span>are also know as <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Adjustable-Frequency Drives (<span style="color: green;">AFD</span>), Variable-Speed Drives (<span style="color: green;">VSD</span>), <span style="color: green;">AC</span> drives, <span style="color: green;">Microdrives</span> or <span style="color: green;">Inverter</span> drives.</span>] <li><span style="color: green;" >Capacity Control</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thermistor Controlled Electric Heater</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" >DI</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Digital Input</span>) : ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေခ် ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Condition </span> ႏွစ္ခု အနက္ က ဘယ္တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ေနသလဲ ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: red;" >Status </span> ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Feedback </span>ေပးလာတဲ့ <span style="color: red;" >Status Signal Point </span>ပါ။ သိခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>တစ္ခု လည္ေနလား ၊ ရပ္ေနလား၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ မလည္ႏိုင္ပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Trip </span>ျဖစ္ေနသလား။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Actuator </span>က ပြင့္ေနသလား၊ ပိတ္ေနသလား။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Differential Sensor (Pressure, etc.) </span>တစ္ခုခု လိုတဲ့ အေနအထား ရၿပီလား၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Panel </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Auto Mode </span>စတဲ့ အေျခအေန ေတြ ကို ေပးတာပါ။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: green;">On / Off Status</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipments, Differential Pressure Switch, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Open / Close Status</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motorized Actuators, Valve, Dampers</span><li><span style="color: green;">Trip Status</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipments</span><li><span style="color: green;">Operating Mode</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Auto/Off/Manual Switch Modes, Local / BAS Control Mode, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Water Level</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank High Level, Low Level (Pump Stop), Pump Start Level, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Alarm</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fault Alarm, System High Pressure, Low Pressure, Water Tank Extra High Level (Overflow), Extra Low Level (Empty), etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Pulse Input</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Meter / Gas Meter / BTU meter, etc.</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" >AI</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Analog Input </span>) : သိခ်င္တဲ့ အေျခအေန <span style="color: red;" >Status Signal </span> ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor / Transmitter / transducer </span>ေတြကေန ယူတာပါ။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Input </span>ေတြ က ရတဲ့ အေျခအေန တန္ဘိုး ေတြ ကို မူတည္ ၿပီး ဘယ္လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္မယ္ ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Strategies </span>ေတြ ကို သတ္မွတ္ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ ေတြ ကေတာ့။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: green;">Temperature</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Space, Supply / Return Air, Chilled Water, Hot Water, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;" >Humidity</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Room, Supply Air</span><li><span style="color: green;" >Pressure</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air System, Water Systems, Compressed Gas, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Differential Pressure</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air System, Water Systems, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Flowrate</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air System, Water Systems, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">Ampere</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment Power Usage</span><li><span style="color: green;">Speed </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable-Frequency Drive (<span style="color: red;">VFD</span>)</span>, etc.<li><span style="color: green;">Lighting Illuminance Level (lux)</span><li><span style="color: green;">Indoor Air Quality Sensors</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >CO Sensors, CO2 Sensors, etc.</span><li><span style="color: green;">PH </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Industrial Discharged Water, Industrial Exhausts, etc.</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Analog Input </span>ထဲမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Voltage, Current, Thermistor (Resistance) </span>ဆိုၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Input </span>သံုးခု ရွိတဲ့ အနက္ အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controllers</span> ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thermistor Inputs, <span style="color: red;">TI</span></span> ကို သီးသန္႔ခြဲ သတ္မွတ္ တာလည္း ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thermistor Input </span>ေတြက အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>ျဖစ္ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature.)</span> အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controllers </span> ေတြကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Analog Input </span>တစ္မ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးသာ မက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Digital Input </span>ကိုပါ လက္ခံ ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Universal Inputs, <span style="color: red;">UI</span> </span> ဆိုၿပီးလည္း ေပးတတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Point Schedule </span>မွာေတာ့ ဒါေတြ ကို ( ေဖာ္ျပဘို႔မလိုအပ္တာမို႔ ) ေဖာ္ျပေလ့ မရွိပါဘူး။<br/><br /><li><span style="color: red;" >HL </span>(<span style="color: magenta;" >High Level Interface</span>) : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chillers </span>ေတြ လို တကယ့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Advanced Control System </span>ပါၿပီးသား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipments </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HL (High Level Interface) </span>နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communicate </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ သတိထား ရမွာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication Protocol </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Network Cabling Standard </span>ပါပဲ။<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Control Strategies</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Owner </span>ေတြနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operator </span>ေတြက စိတ္ခ်ၿပီး လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ သံုးစြဲ ထိန္းသိမ္း ႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Systems </span>ေတြကို ပဲ လိုခ်င္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >designer </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control System </span>အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြ ကို ေပးရပါမယ္။ အဲဒါေတြကေတာ့<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Sequence of Operation</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >A Control Schematics</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Diagram showing interaction between various parts of the system</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Commissioning Instruction</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >A maintenance checklist</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Owner </span> က ဘယ္အဆင့္အထိ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>(သို႕) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Monitor </span>လိုခ်င္တာလဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Allowable Tolerance </span>ဘယ္ေလာက္ အတိုင္းအတာအတြင္း တိတိက်က် ရခ်င္တာလဲ ဆိုတာေတြ ေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။ စဥ္းစားရမဲ့ အဆင့္ေတြ ကေတာ့၊ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simple Monitoring</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Space Environmental Control (Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Cleanliness, etc.)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Scheduled (Timer) Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data Acquisition</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment Performance Control, Sequencing, Loading</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Usage Monitor and Optimization</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Optimization: Static or Dynamics</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Local Loop</span> (or) <span style="color: magenta;">Supervisory Control </span>?</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lower Level </span><span style="color: red;" >Local-Loop Control </span> ဆိုတာက သိပ္ၿပီး ရႈတ္ရႈတ္ေထြးေထြး မရွိလွတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Domestic Water Pumps, Drainage Pumps, Room FCU </span>ေတြ ကို အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: magenta;" >Lower Level Local-Loop Control </span>နဲ႔ ထိန္းႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Single Set point </span>ထားၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >actuator </span>နဲ႔ ပဲ အတိုးအေလွ်ာ့ လုပ္ေပးၿပီး ထိန္းတာပါ။ (ဥပမာ။ ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water FCU </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Supply Air Temperature </span>ကို ထိန္းဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Control Motorized Valve </span>ကို လိုအပ္သလို အဖြင့္အပိတ္ လုပ္ေပးခိုင္းတာ မ်ိဳးပါ။)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Upper Control Level </span> ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: red;" >Supervisory (or Remote) Control </span>ကေတာ့ လိုအပ္သလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >set points </span>ေျပာင္းတာ၊ အခ်ိန္အလိုက္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေစမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >time-dependent modes of operation </span>ထားတာ<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, Control Optimization </span>လုပ္တာ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data Acquisition </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြ စုေဆာင္း တာေတြ ကို ပါရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Control</span> (and/or) <span style="color: magenta;">Monitor</span> ?</span> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control (and/or) Monitor </span>ဘယ္လို လုပ္ခ်င္တာလဲ။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Remote On/Off Control </span>လိုအပ္သလား၊ လိုအပ္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >On/Off </span>နဲ႕တင္ လံုေလာက္သလား၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ အဆင့္အထိ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္သလဲ။ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ အနည္းဆံုး ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data </span>ေတြ လိုအပ္သလဲ။ ေနာက္ထပ္ ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data </span>ေတြ ကို လိုခ်င္ေသးလဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Monitor </span>ဆိုရင္လည္း အနည္းဆံုး ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data </span>ေတြ ကို လိုခ်င္တာလဲ။ ဘာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Status </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Monitor </span>လုပ္ခ်င္တာလဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >In Operation </span>လည္ေန မေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(On/Off Status) </span>ကိုသိခ်င္သလား။ အျခားဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operating parameter </span>ေတြရဲ့ အေျခအေန ကိုသိခ်င္သလဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Alarm </span>ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specific </span>လား ဒါမွမဟုတ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >General </span>လား။ (ဥပမာ။ ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Pumps </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank Empty, Water Tank Overflow, Pump Trip, No Flow </span>တစ္ခုခ်င္းစီ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS </span>ကေန သိခ်င္သလား၊ ဒါဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >4 points </span>လိုမယ္။ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ဒီေလးခုထဲ က ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Alarm </span>ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >General Alarm </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Trigger </span>လုပ္ေပးမယ္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">1 point </span>ပဲလိုမယ္ စသည္ျဖင့္ပါ။)</ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;">Control Optimization</span>: <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Optimization </span> လိုခ်င္သလား။ လိုခ်င္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Static Optimization </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dynamic Optimization </span>ႏွစ္ခုထဲက ဘယ္အမ်ိဳးအစား ကို လိုခ်င္တာလဲ။</ul><br /><li>စသည္ျဖင့္ လားေပါင္း၊ လဲေပါင္း မ်ားစြာ ကို အေျဖရွာရပါတယ္။<li>ဒီအေျခခံ ေတြ ကို ရၿပီဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ပိုၿပီး အေသးစိတ္ သတ္မွတ္ဘို႔ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS specialist </span> နဲ႔ လည္း ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေဆြးေႏြး ညွိႏိႈင္း ရပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Efficiency </span>လိုခ်င္လို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Optimization </span>လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ေတြ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး ထပ္တတ္ ရတတ္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: magenta;">ေပါ့ေစခ်င္လို႔ ေၾကာင္ေဆးထိုး၊ ေဆးအတြက္ေလး</span> ဆိုတာ လို ေငြလည္းပိုကုန္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy </span>ပိုစား တာလည္း ျဖစ္တတ္ ပါေသးတယ္။</ul><br /></ol><br /><a href="#0">- <span style="color: magenta;">Back to Top</span> -</a><br /><br /><li><a name="3"></a><span style="color: red;" ><b>Control Fundamentals</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Terminology</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Feedback-Control Example</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Type of Control Action</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Components </span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Devices</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensors</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controllers</span></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication Networks for BAS</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specifying DDC System</span><br /></ol><br /><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Terminology</b></span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Systems </span>မွာသံုးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Terminology</span> အခ်ိဳ႕ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook </span> ကေန ေကာက္ႏုတ္ ေဖာ္ျပ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >A<span style="color: magenta;"> closed loop </span> or <span style="color: magenta;">feedback </span> control measures actual changes in the controlled variable and actuates the controlled device to bring about a change. The corrective action may continue until the variable is brought to a desired value within the design limitations of the controller. Every closed loop must contain a sensor, a controller, and a controlled device.</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">sensor</span> measures the controlled variable and transmits to the controller a signal (pneumatic, electric, or electronic) having a pressure, voltage, or current value related by a known function to the value of the variable being measured. </span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">controller</span> compares this value (the sensor's signal) with the desired set point and regulates an output signals to the controlled device for corrective action. A controller can be hardware or software. A hardware controller is an analog device (e.g., thermostat, humidistat, pressure control) that continuously receives and acts on data. A software controller is a digital device (e.g., digital algorithm) that receives and acts on data on a sample-rate basis. </span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">controlled device</span> is typically a valve, damper, heating element, or variable-speed drive. It is the component of a control loop used to vary the input (controlled variable).</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">set point</span> is the desired value of the controlled variable. The controller seeks to maintain this set point. The controlled device reacts to signals from the controller to vary the control agent.</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">control agent</span> is the medium manipulated by the controlled device. It may be air or gas flowing through a damper; gas, steam, or water flowing through a valve; or an electric current.</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">process</span> is the HVAC apparatus being controlled, such as a coil, fan, or humidifier. It reacts to the control agent</span>’<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >s output and effects the change in the controlled variable.</span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The <span style="color: magenta;">controlled variable</span> is the temperature, humidity, pressure, or other condition being controlled.</span></ul><br /><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Feedback-Control Example</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Closed Loop</span> Or <span style="color: magenta;">Feedback</span> Control </span> တိုင္းမွာ <span style="color: magenta;">sensor</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">controller </span> နဲ႔<span style="color: magenta;"> controlled device </span> ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Basic Elements </span> သံုးခု က မရွိမျဖစ္ ပါဝင္ရပါတယ္။ နမူနာ တစ္ခု အေနနဲ႔ ရိုးရိုးရွင္းရွင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simple Heating Coil Control </span>ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 247px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SqeDBYmRDOI/AAAAAAAAAhI/oJyesp6UaII/s400/Ctrl01FeedBakControl.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5379412339723406562" /><br /><li>ပထမ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sense </span>လုပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီနမူနာ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>ထဲက ေလရဲ့ အပူခ်ိန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Temperature </span>ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>က ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Measured Value </span>ကို လိုခ်င္တဲ့ (ခ်ိန္ထားတဲ့) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Setpoint </span>နဲ႔ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ပါတယ္။ ဒီ နမူနာ မွာ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Measured Temperature </span>ကို လိုခ်င္တဲ့ (ခ်ိန္ထားတဲ့) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Setpoint Temperature </span>နဲ႔ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ပါတယ္။ <li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Setpoint </span>နဲ႔ တိုင္းလို႔ရတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>ႏွစ္ခု ကြာျခားခ်က္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >difference </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Error </span>လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။<li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Error </span>ေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>က သူ႔ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Output Signal </span>ကို တြက္ခ်က္ ၿပီး ထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ ဒီ နမူနာ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Output </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Device </span>ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >valve </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >modulate </span>(ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္) ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >steam flow </span>ကိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း ျဖင့္ ထြက္လာတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Temperature </span>ကို ေျပာင္းလဲ ေစပါတယ္။ ဒီနည္း နဲ႔ လိုခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Temperature </span>ရေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္ယူရတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Loop </span> ကို ေအာက္မွာ နမူနာ ျပထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Block Diagram </span> နဲ႔ ျပသ လို႔ရပါတယ္။ ( <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Matlab </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simulink </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Software </span>မွာ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Block Diagram </span> မ်ိဳး ေတြ ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simulation</span> လုပ္ လို႔ ရတာ မွတ္မိပါတယ္။ ) <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SqeDAmtx3_I/AAAAAAAAAhA/tpkywWQSPy4/s1600-h/Ctrl02FeedBakControl.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 143px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SqeDAmtx3_I/AAAAAAAAAhA/tpkywWQSPy4/s400/Ctrl02FeedBakControl.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5379412326333145074" /></a><br /><li>ဒီ လို လိုခ်င္တဲ့ အေျခအေန ကို ရေအာင္ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္တာ က ခ်က္ျခင္း ေျပာင္းတာ မ်ိဳးမဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Time Lag </span> လို႔ ေခၚတဲ့ အခ်ိန္ ေနာက္က် တာ ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulate </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ လည္း အခ်ိန္လိုပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ရဲ့ တန္ဘိုးေျပာင္း ဘို႔လည္း အခ်ိန္ယူရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ေတြ ကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ေျပာင္းေျပာင္းခ်င္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Response </span>ရတာ မဟုတ္ျပန္ပါဘူး။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Loop Performance </span>ေတြ က ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Time Lag </span>ေတြ ေပၚ အမ်ားႀကီး မွီပါတယ္။ ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Time Lag </span>ေတြ ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor Response Time, Dead Time, Time Constant, First Order Lag </span>စတဲ့ အေျခအေန ေတြ ကို ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားေပးရပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Type of Control Action</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;" >Two-Position</span> Action (Action related to <span style="color: magenta;" >Binary</span> Output)</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ဖြင့္တာ ပိတ္တာ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Input </span>ကိုမူတည္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller Differential </span>တစ္ခု ကို သတ္မွတ္ ရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ အခန္းရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FCU </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling Coil </span>ကို အဖြင့္ အပိတ္ နဲ႔ ထိန္းမယ္ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Temperature </span>ထိရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>ကို ပိတ္မယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High Temperature </span>ကို ထိရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>ကို ဖြင့္မယ္ စသည္ျဖင့္ပါ။ သူ႔ရဲ့ သဘာဝ ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထား ပါတယ္။<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 164px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SrtSd-fEZtI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/G5bYsZMMlxU/s400/bas_2posCtrl.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5384988454394554066" /><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;" >Modulating Control </span>(Action related to <span style="color: magenta;" >Analog Output</span>)</span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating Control </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller's Output </span>က သူ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >entire range </span>အတြင္း လိုအပ္သလို ေျပာင္းလဲႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ သံုးေလ့ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Term </span>အခ်ိဳ႕ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Throttling Range</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Device </span>ရဲ့ အနည္းဆံုး ေနရာ နဲ႔ အမ်ားဆံုး ေနရာ ႏွစ္ခု ၾကားကို ေရႊ႕ေပး ႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ထဲမွာ ေျပာင္းဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အတိုင္းအတာ ကို ေခၚတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >±5 ºC </span>အတြင္း ထိန္းမယ္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >+5 ºC </span>ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve 100% open, -5% </span>ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>လံုးလံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >closed </span>ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature </span>ေျပာင္းရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >100% </span>ေျပာင္းပါတယ္။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >10 ºC </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Throttling Range </span>လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Control Point</span>ဆိုတာက ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Instrument </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>လုပ္ေနတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Variable </span>ရဲ့ တကဲ့ တန္ဘိုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >actual value </span>ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >System Load </span>အေျပာင္းအလဲ နဲ႔ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >variables </span>ေတြ ေပၚမူတည္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Throttling Range</span>အတြင္းမွာ ေျပာင္းလဲ ေနရတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Offset</span>ဆိုတာကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >set point </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >actual control point </span>ၾကား ကြာေနတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >error </span>ကို ေခၚတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ေတြမွာ လည္း တကယ့္တန္ဘိုး နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Signal </span>ၾကားမွာ ကြာျခားခ်က္ ရွိႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Offset </span>လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li>သံုးေလ့ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating Control </span> ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional-integral (PI) Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional</span>–<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Integral</span>–<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Derivative controller (PID controller)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Adaptive Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fuzzy Logic</span></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional Control </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >error </span>ကိုပဲ အေျခခံ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Output </span>ကို အေျပာင္းအလဲ လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PI </span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PID Control </span>ကေတာ့ အခ်ိန္ႏွစ္ခု ၾကားေျပာင္းတဲ့ ႏႈန္း ကိုပါ ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစား ထားေပးပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Building Automation </span>မွာ သံုးေလ့ရွိတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional Control </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proportional-integral (PI) Control </span>ေတြပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Adaptive Control </span>ဆိုတာကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dynamic Characteristics </span>ေျပာင္းလဲမႈ ေပၚမူတည္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Parameter </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >adjusts </span>(ညွိ) ေပးပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fuzzy Logic </span>ဆိုတာကေတာ့ အေျခအေန တစ္ခု မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >human operator </span>ဘယ္လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >response </span>လုပ္မွာလဲ ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >"if-then" rules</span> ေတြ ကိုသတ္မွတ္ၿပီး ထိန္းတာပါ။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Combinations of <span style="color: magenta;">Two-Position</span> and <span style="color: magenta;">Modulating</span></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Loop </span>ေတြ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Two-Position Components </span>သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating response </span>နီးပါးရေအာင္ လုပ္ယူႏိုင္တာ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Timed Two-Position Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Floating Control</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Incremental Control</span></ul>ဒီနည္း နဲ႔ ထိန္းတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulating Valve </span>နီးပါးရတယ္ ဆိုေပမဲ့ ထိန္းရတာ က နဲနဲခက္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water </span>သံုးရတဲ့ စနစ္မွာ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve </span>ဖြင့္ပိတ္လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Control </span>မွာ မဆိုးလွေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Control </span>ကေတာ့ ခက္ပါတယ္။</ul> <br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Control Components </b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: magenta; font-weight:bold;" >Controlled Devices</span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Valve/Damper </span>ေတြမွာရိွတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flow Characteristics </span>ေတြကို အထိုက္အေလ်ာက္ သိဘို႔ ႀကိဳးစားသင့္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Opening Percentage </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flowrate </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Linearly </span>တိုက္ရိုက္ အခ်ိဳးက် ျဖစ္ေလ့မရွိလို႔ပါ။ ဖြင္႔တာ အေႏွးအျမန္ ကို လိုက္ၿပီးလည္း ေျပာင္းႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Devices </span>ေတြေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အခါ အဖြင့္အပိတ္ အေႏွးအျမန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Stroke Time), </span> ေရရွည္သံုးဘို႔ ယံုၾကည္ စိတ္ခ်ရ မခ်ရ နဲ႔ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Parameter </span>ေတြကို ကိုယ္သံုးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >application </span>နဲ႔ သင့္ေတာ္မေတာ္ ႏိႈင္းခ်ိန္ ၾကည့္သင့္ပါတယ္။ သံုးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>နဲ႔ ကိုက္ညီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Compatible) </span>ျဖစ္ဘို႔လည္း လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Status Feedback </span>ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controlled Devices </span>ေတြ က ပိုၿပီး ကုန္က် ေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>အထြက္နဲ႔ တကဲ့ အေျခအေန ကို ေပးႏိုင္တာမို႔ အေရးႀကီး တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Application </span>မွာ သံုးသင့္ပါတယ္။<li>အေသးစိတ္ ကို လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခါ စာဖတ္သူ ကိုယ္တိုင္ ရွာေဖြေလ့လာ ေစခ်င္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: magenta; font-weight:bold;" >Sensors</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span> ေတြ ေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အခါ စဥ္းစားရမဲ့ အခ်က္ေတြ ကေတာ့<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Operating range of controlled variable</span>- သံုးမဲ့ အေျခအေန နဲ႔ ကိုက္ညီတဲ့ သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Signal </span>ကိုထုတ္ေပးႏိုင္ရပါမယ္။ အနီးစပ္ဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Range </span>ကိုေရြးခ်ယ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Compatibility of controller input</span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>လက္ခံႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >electronic signal </span>ကို ထုတ္ေပး ႏိုင္ရပါမယ္။ ဥပမာ ေျပာရရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >industry standard signal </span>ေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >4 to 20 mA or 0 to 10 V (dc) </span>လိုမ်ိဳးပါ။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Accuracy and repeatability</span>- အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Applications </span>ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >controlled variable </span>က လိုခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >desired set point </span>အနားမွာ ကပ္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >[ </span>ဥပမာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature ± 1.1 ºC (± 2 ºF) RH ± 5% </span>ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးပါ။<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >] </span>ဒီအေျခအေန မွာ သူ႔ထက္ တိက်တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Accuracy </span>လိုလာပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Sensor </span>က အနည္းဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >± 0.5 ºC </span>ေလာက္မွ မရႏိုင္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Control ± 1.1 ºC </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါဘူး။ ဒီလိုပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RH Control ± 5% </span>ရဘို႔ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor Accuracy </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >± 2% </span>ေလာက္အတြင္း ျဖစ္ေနဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor Accuracy </span>က လည္း အၿမဲတန္း ၿငိမ္ေနတာ လည္း မဟုတ္ပါဘူး (အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Sensor)</span>။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ လိုအပ္သလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >re-calibrate </span>လုပ္ဘို႔လည္း လိုအပ္ တတ္ပါေသးတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor Accuracy </span>က အရမ္းေကာင္း ေနရင္ေတာင္မွ ေအာက္မွာေပးထားတဲ့ အခ်က္ေလးခ်က္ က တစ္ခ်က္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ ညိရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set point </span>ကိုထိန္းထားဘို႔ မလြယ္ပါဘူး။<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >the controller is unable to resolve the input signal, </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >the controlled device cannot be positioned accurately, </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >the controlled device exhibits excessive hysteresis, or </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >disturbances drive its system faster than the controls can regulate it.</span></ol><li><span style="color: magenta;">Sensor response time</span>- <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >sensor/transducer </span>ေတြနဲ႔ သက္ဆိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >response curve </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >controlled variable </span>ေျပာင္းတာနဲ႔လိုက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor Output </span>ဘယ္လိုေျပာင္းတယ္ ဆိုတာ ကို ျပပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Time Constant </span>က နည္းတယ္ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fast response time </span>ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >sensor </span>ကိုသံုးရပါမယ္။ <li><span style="color: magenta;">Control agent properties and characteristics</span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ထည့္ထားရမဲ့ ေနရာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Agent </span>(ေလ၊ ေရ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fluid </span>စသည္။) က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ကို စား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(corroded) </span>ပ်က္စီးေစမယ္။ ဒါမွ မဟုတ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >performance </span>ကိုေလ်ာ့က်ေစမယ္ ဆိုရင္ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Agent </span>နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ မထိလို႔ ရတဲ့ ေရြးခ်ယ္စရာ (သို႔) ဒါဏ္ခံႏိုင္တဲ့ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ကိုေရြးခ်ယ္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Ambient environment characteristics</span>ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ အေျခအေန ေတြ (ဥပမာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature & Humidity </span>အေျပာင္းအလဲ) က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >accuracy </span>ကို မထိခုိက္ေစဘို႔ သတိျပဳရပါမယ္။ ဒီလိုပါပဲ အျခား ဓာတ္ေငြ႕ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chemical </span>ေတြ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >electromagnetic interference (EMI) </span>ေတြ ကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensor </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Degrade </span>ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ထိခုိက္ ပ်က္စီး ေစႏိုင္ ပါေသးတယ္။ ဒီလို အေျခအေန ကို ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Special Sensor or transducer housing </span>ကိုအသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta; font-weight:bold;" >Controllers</span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: red;">DDC</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Direct Digital Control</span>)<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS </span>မွာ အဓိက အသံုးမ်ားတာ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC </span>ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Microprocessors </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Firmware/Software </span>ပါဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MicroComputer </span>ပါဝင္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >control logic </span>ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ သူ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Digital / Analog Input </span>ေတြကို လက္ခံ ႏိုင္သလို ဒီအခ်က္အလက္ ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operator </span>သြင္းထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Set point </span>နဲ႔ အျခား အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြနဲ႔ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ တြက္ခ်က္ၿပီး သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Digital / Analog Output </span>ကို္လည္း ထုတ္ေပးႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။ <li> ၿပီးေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC </span>အားလံုးနီးပါး က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Programmable </span>ပါ။ လိုခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Programming </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Notebook Computer </span>(သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Handheld Units </span>မွာ ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ထဲကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Download </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC </span>ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Stand-alone </span>ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS system </span>ေတြနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >network </span>သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >integrate </span>လုပ္လို႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ သံုးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Advantages </span>ေတြကေတာ့၊ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Sequence / Equipment </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hardware </span>မွာေျပာင္းစရာ မလိုပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Software </span>ထဲမွာတင္ ေျပာင္းလို႔ရျခင္း။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Demand Setback, reset, data logging, diagnostics </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >time-clock integration </span>စတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >features </span>ေတြ ကို ေစ်း သက္သက္သာသာ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ထဲကို ထည့္သြင္း ေပးႏိုင္ျခင္း။<li>တိက်တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Precise & Accurate Control) </span>ကိုရႏိုင္ျခင္း။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Sensor </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Resolution </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Analog to Digital, Digital to Analog Conversion Process </span>ေတြရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Limit </span>ကိုမွီတာက လြဲရင္ေပါ့ေလ။) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PID </span>နဲ႔ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control Algorithm </span>ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mathematically Implement </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >open network </span>သံုးလို႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >proprietary </span>(မူပိုင္) နဲ႔ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>ေတြအခ်င္းခ်င္း ဆက္သြယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communicate </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ ျခင္း။<li>ထိန္းခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Setpoint, Limits, Alarm Setting, Delay, Schedule </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller Memory </span>ထဲ တစ္ခါထည့္ထားရင္ ေနာက္ထပ္ တမင္တကာ မျပင္မခ်င္း (သို႕) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span> မပ်က္မခ်င္း မေပ်ာက္မပ်က္ ရွိေနႏိုင္ ျခင္း။ (အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Memory </span>ေတြ က ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Power Supply </span>မရွိရင္ ရက္ပိုင္းပဲ ခံတာ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အမ်ားစု ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Memory </span>ထဲ မွာ ေရရွည္ မပ်က္မစီး တည္ရွိေနႏိုင္ပါတယ္။)</ul><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC System </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>အမ်ားစု က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC control </span>ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">Electric/Electronic</span> Controllers</span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေပၚမွာ ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Domestic Water Transfer Pump Control </span>လို ရိုးရွင္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>အတြက္ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Electronic Control </span>ေတြက အသံုးက် ပါတယ္။ နမူနာ ကို ေတာ့ <a href="http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Omron Industrial Automation </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Floatless Level Controller</span> [<span style="color: magenta; font-size: 90%">http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp</span>] </a> မွာ ေလ့လာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ </ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">Pneumatic Receiver</span>-Controllers</span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Pneumatic</span> ဆိုတာကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Compressed Air </span>ကိုသံုးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Controller </span>ေတြပါ။ အေသးစိတ္ ကို ေတာ့ ဒီေနရာ မွာ မေဖၚျပေတာ့ပါဘူး။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Thermostats</span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Thermostat</span> ဆိုတာကေတာ့ အမ်ားသိၾကတဲ့ အတိုင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >control </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensing functions </span>ႏွစ္ခု ေပါင္းထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Device </span>တစ္ခုပါ။ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >micro-processor based </span>ျဖစ္ၿပီး သူ႔ဟာသူ အလုပ္လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အေသးစိတ္ ကို ေတာ့ မေဖၚျပေတာ့ပါဘူး။</ul><br /></ol></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Communication Networks for BAS</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Communication Protocol</b></span> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Integrated Building Management System </span>လုပ္ေတာ့မယ္ ဆိုရင္ အဓိက ေခါင္းခဲရေလ့ ရွိတာ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication protocol </span>ပါ။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >System </span>တစ္ခု နဲ႔ တစ္ခု ေကာင္းေကာင္း ဆက္သြယ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >protocol </span>တစ္ခုကို ဘာသာစကား တစ္ခု အေနနဲ႔ သံုးရပါတယ္။ ခက္တာက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >manufacturer </span>အမ်ားစု က သူတို႔ကိုယ္ပိုင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >proprietary protocol </span>ကို သံုးခ်င္ၾကပါတယ္။ အမ်ားဘံုသံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >open standards </span>ေတြကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DeviceNet, SOAP, XML, BACnet, LonWorks and Modbus </span>စသည္ျဖင့္ အမ်ားႀကီး ရွိေနျပန္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Proprietary </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Open Standard </span>ကို ေျပာင္းေပးႏုိင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hardware (or) Software Module </span>ေတြ ရွိေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >100% </span>စိတ္ခ်ရတယ္ လို႔ မဆိုႏိုင္ ေသးပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook </span>ထဲမွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Protocol </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >classes </span>သံုးခု ခြဲထားပါတယ္။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Standard protocol</span>. Published and controlled by a standards body.<li><span style="color: magenta;">Public protocol</span>. Published but controlled by a private organization.<li><span style="color: magenta;">Private protocol</span>. Unpublished; use and specification controlled by a private organization. Examples include the proprietary communications used by many building automation devices.</ol><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Integrated Building Management System </span>လုပ္ေတာ့မယ္ ဆိုရင္ သတိထားရမွာ က ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Standard Protocol </span>ကိုသံုးမွာလဲ ဆိုတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >existing building </span>ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >retrofit </span>လုပ္ရေတာ့မယ့္ အေျခအေန မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Existing Control System </span>အေၾကာင္း သိဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Network Structure</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BAS Network </span>အမ်ားစု က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Computer Network Technology </span>ကိုသံုးစြဲေနၾကၿပီ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >IT backbone </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication Protocol </span>ေတြ ကို သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication </span>လုပ္တာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wired </span>ေရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wireless Technology </span>ေရာ စံုေအာင္ သံုးႏိုင္ၿပီ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Communication Task </span>ေတြမွာ ပါဝင္ႏိုင္တာ ကေတာ့။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Data Exchange</span> : အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြ ဖလွယ္တာ<li><span style="color: magenta;">Alarms and Events</span>: ဘယ္စနစ္၊ ဘယ္ေနရာ မွားေနလဲ ဆိုတာ သတင္းေပးဘို႔၊ နဲ႔ အျခားအေျခအေန ေတြ။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Schedule</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>ေတြကို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္၊ ဘယ္လို အစီအစဥ္ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >run </span>မယ္ ဆိုတာ ကို စီမံခန္႔ခြဲ ႏိုင္ဘို႔<li><span style="color: magenta;">Trends</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data </span>ေတြ အခ်ိန္ကာလ တစ္ခု အတြင္း ဘယ္လို ေျပာင္းသြားလဲ ဆိုတာ သိဘို႔ မွတ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Data History </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Trend </span>လို႔ေခၚတာပါ။<li><span style="color: magenta;">Network Management</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Network diagnostic and Maintenance functions, data access, security functions, etc.</span></ul> </ul><br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Specifying DDC Systems</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC installation </span>ေအာင္ေအာင္ ျမင္ျမင္ ရရွိဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Customer </span>ရဲ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ကို ျဖည့္ဆီး ႏိုင္မဲ့ ရွင္းလင္း ျပတ္သားစြာ ေဖာ္ျပထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >specification </span>လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Specification </span>မွာ ပါဝင္ရမွာ ေတြ ကေတာ့။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Descriptions of the products desired, or of the performance and features expected</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Needed points (Points Schedule) or data objects should be listed</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >A control schematic shows the layout of each system to be controlled, including instrumentation and input/output objects and any hard-wired interlocks. </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >A sequence of operation should be provided for each system. </span></ul>ပိုၿပီး အေသးစိတ္ သိခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Guideline 13. ASHRAE (2005) </span>ကိုေလ့လာပါ။</ul><br /></ol><br /><a href="#0">- <span style="color: magenta;">Back to Top</span> -</a><br /><br /><li><a name="4"></a><span style="color: red;"><b>Control Examples</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေနာက္ လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Post </span>ေတြ မွာ တစ္ခုခ်င္း ေဖာ္ျပေပးသြားမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<li>ေရးသားေပး ထားၿပီးတာ ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/10/hvac-control-01-fan-coil-units.html"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilled Water Fan Coil Units</span></a></ol></ul><br /><a href="#0">- <span style="color: magenta;">Back to Top</span> -</a><br /><br /><li><a name="5"></a><span style="color: red;"><b>References</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li>"<span style="color: magenta;">Fundamental of Control</span>", Chapter 7, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals</span>, 2009.<li>"<span style="color: magenta;">Design and Applications of Controls</span>", Chapter 46, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications</span>, 2007.<li>"<span style="color: magenta;">Controls</span>", Chapter 10, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air-Conditioning Systems Design Manual, ASHRAE</span>, 1993.<br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Standard Protocols</span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://www.lonmark.org/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lonworks by Lonmark International</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.lonmark.org/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.bacnet.org/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BACnet by ASHRAE</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.bacnet.org/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.modbus.org/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modbus</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.modbus.org/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.odva.org/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > DeviceNet<sup>TM</sup> by ODVA </span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.odva.org/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >SOAP (<i> Simple Object Access Protoco</i>) by W3</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/XML-Protocol-Charter" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >XML by W3 </span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.w3.org/2004/02/XML-Protocol-Charter</span> ]</a></ol></span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;">BAS System Providers</span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://www.automation.siemens.com/_en/portal/index.htm" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Siemens</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.automation.siemens.com/_en/portal/index.htm</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://acscorp.honeywell.com/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Honeywell</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://acscorp.honeywell.com/Pages/default.aspx</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Johnson Controls</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.yamatake.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Yamatake</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.yamatake.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/ http:/www.trend-controls.com" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Trend Controls</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/09/ http:/www.trend-controls.com</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.tac.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >TAC</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.tac.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/Controls/Default.aspx?i=875" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Trane</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/Controls/Default.aspx?i=875</span> ]</a></ol></span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Electronic Controllers</span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Omron Industrial Automation : Floatless Level Controllers</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp</span> ]</a></ol></span><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Wiki References</span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_control" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Automatic Control</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_control</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Automation" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Building Automation</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Automation</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Control Theory</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > SCDA (<i>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition</i>) </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Proportional Control</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI_controller" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PI Controller</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI_controller</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_loop" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > PID Loop</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_loop</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Digital Control</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_control</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Digital_Control" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DDC (<i>Direct Digital Control</i>)</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Digital_Control</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_control_system" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fuzzy Control System</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_control_system</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Adaptive Control</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable Frequency Drive</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lux</span> [ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor</span> ]</a><br /></ol></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></ol><br /></ol><br /></ol><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-5525717169426853691?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-11006682981264352722009-07-07T17:42:00.057+08:002009-10-10T10:04:25.194+08:00HVAC Duct Sizing<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC </span>စနစ္မွာ ေလကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Transport </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Duct </span>အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ပါဝင္ ေနရပါတယ္။ <li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC System Design </span> အႀကီးေတြ လုပ္ရတဲ့ အခါ မွာ ႀကံဳေတြ႕ရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Duct Sizing </span>ေတြ ကို စနစ္တက် ေရြးခ်ယ္ေစႏိုင္ဘို႔ က အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။</ul><span id="fullpost"><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Introduction</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>သံုးတဲ့ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ အလိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fresh Air Duct (Ventilation Duct), Supply Air Duct, Return Air Duct, Exhaust Air Duct </span>စသည္ျဖင့္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Exhaust </span> မွာမွ စုတ္ထုတ္မဲ့ ဓါတ္ေငြ႕ ရဲ့ သေဘာ သဘာဝ ကို လိုက္ၿပီး အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ကြဲႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ (ဥပမာ၊ ၊ General exhaust, Toilet exhaust, Kitchen Exhaust, Wet exhaust, Chemical Exhaust, Acidic Exhaust, Caustic Exhaust, etc.) <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Material </span>အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sheet Metal </span>ပါ။ သံုးမဲ့ အသံုး အပူခ်ိန္ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chemical / heat / moisture </span>စတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >resistant </span>ေတြ ေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >material </span>ေတြ လည္း အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အသံုးမ်ားတာကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aluminium, Stainless Steel, PP </span>နဲ႔ အျခားပလတ္စတစ္ အခ်ိဳ႕ပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Shape </span>(ပံု) အေန နဲ႔ လည္း ေလးေထာင့္၊ အဝိုင္း နဲ႔ ဘဲဥပံု ဆန္ဆန္ ေတြ ျဖစ္ႏို္င္ပါတယ္။ <li>မီးအေရးေပၚ အေျခအေန အတြက္ သံုးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>ေတြ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fire Rating Consideration </span>ေတြ လိုအပ္သလို၊ ေျပးမဲ့ ေနရာနဲ႔ အပူ အေအး ကြာဟခ်က္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Differences </span>ေတြ ရွိမယ္ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insulation </span>လိုအပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li>အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Standard </span>ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >SMACNA Standard </span>ပါ။ <li>အၾကမ္းအားျဖင့္ အလြယ္တကူ ေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span><span style="color: red;" >ΔP </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > <span style="color: magenta;" >1 </span> Pa/m (0.1mm Aq /m) </span>နဲ႔ ေရြးတတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ <span style="color: red;" >Velocity </span> ကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > <span style="color: magenta;" >8 </span> m/s </span> ထက္ မေက်ာ္ေစရဘူး စသည္ ျဖင့္ေပါ့။ ဒါက သံုးေနက် လည္းျဖစ္၊ သံုးလို႔လည္း ျပႆနာ မေပးႏိုင္မဲ့ အေျခအေန ေတြကိုလည္း သိရင္ လြယ္လြယ္ သံုးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rule of Thumb </span>တစ္ခုပါ။ ေလွနံဒါးထစ္ မွတ္ဘို႔ ေတာ့ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ထူးျခားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >application </span>ေတြ၊ အေျခအေန မွာ ဒီ ဂဏန္းေတြ ကို ျပန္စစ္ေဆး ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 90%">( မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ <span style="color: red;" >Thumb Rule (or) Rule of Thumb </span> ဆိုတာက အေတြ႕အႀကံဳ ကို အေျခခံ ၿပီး အလြယ္တကူ သံုးႏိုင္တဲ့ နည္းလမ္းကို ဆိုလိုတာပါ။ သူ႔မွာ ဘာလို႔ လုပ္ရတာလဲ ဆိုတဲ့ အေျဖအတိအက် ေပးဘို႔ မလြယ္ေပမဲ့ ဒီ တန္ဘိုးကို သံုးခဲ့တာ အဆင္ေျပတယ္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >OK </span> ပဲ လို႔ အဓိပၸါယ္ ရပါတယ္။ ဘယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Subjects </span>မွာမဆို အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ စကားလံုး ပါ။) </span><br /></ul><! end of introduction><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Duct Sizing Design Consideration</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dust Sizing </span>လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ အဓိက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Factor </span>ႏွစ္ခုကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Construction </span>ကိုလည္း ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစား ရပါေသးတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>ကိုထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားရတာ ကေတာ့ လိုအပ္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fan Power </span>ကို ကန္႔သတ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Velocity </span>နဲ႔ ေရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>အတြင္းမ်က္ႏွာျပင္ အၾကမ္းအႏု <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >roughness factors </span>နဲ႔ ပါ သက္ဆိုင္ပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity Limit </span>ကိုသတ္မွတ္ရတာ ကေတာ့ ေလစီးတဲ့ အခ်ိန္ ထြက္ေပၚလာမဲ့ အသံ ကို ကန္႔သတ္ ႏိုင္ဘို႔ ပါ။ ဒါ့အျပင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>အေပၚမွာ လည္း အက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္ မႈ ရွိေန ပါေသးတယ္။ အသံုးျပဳ မဲ့ ေနရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Duct Section Location </span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Supply, Return / Main, Branch</span>) အေပၚမူတည္ သလို အခန္းရဲ့ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Noise Criteria </span> (ဆိတ္ၿငိမ္မႈ အတိုင္းအတာ) နဲ႔ လည္း ဆိုင္ ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Air-Side </span>မွာသံုးေလ့ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Duct </span>အမ်ိဳးအစား သံုးခု ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SkGYiOVoZqI/AAAAAAAAAeg/ehmYyABg8Aw/s400/MAC_DuctTypes.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350725546024658594" /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct </span>မဟုတ္တဲ့ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Non-Circular Duct </span>ေတြ ကို သံုးတဲ့ အခါ အသင့္ေတာ္ဆံုး ကေတာ့ <span style="color: magenta;" >Equivalent Circular Duct </span>ကိုရွာၿပီး တြက္တဲ့ နည္းပါ။<li><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>ေတြကို စဥ္းစားတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Internal Clear Dimensions </span>(အတြင္းပိုင္း အလြတ္ အတိုင္းအတာ မ်ား) ျဖစ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Internal Lining / Insulation </span>လိုအပ္ႏိုင္တာ မို႔ ဒီအခ်က္ ကို မေမ့ ဘို႔ သတိေပးရျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</span><br /><br><li><span style="color: magenta;" ><b>Aspect Ratio</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span>ဆိုတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rectangular Duct </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Oval Duct </span>ေတြ မွာ အနံ နဲ႔ အျမင့္၊ ႀကီးတာကို ငယ္တာ နဲ႔ စား လို႔ ရတဲ့ အေျဖပါ။ (<span style="color: red;" >Aspect Ratio</span> = <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The ratio of the long side to the short side of the duct</span>)<br /><li> အေကာင္းဆံုး ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio = 1 </span> ပါ။ ဘာလို႔လည္း ဆိုေတာ့ ပစၥည္း အကုန္အက် အနည္းဆံုးမို႔ ပါပဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sheet Metal Duct </span>တစ္ခု ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fabricate </span>လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Parameter </span>က ကုန္က်မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sheet Metal </span> အေရအတြက္ နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ အခ်ိဳး က်ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span>မ်ားလာရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Parameter </span> (ပတ္လည္အနား အရွည္) လည္း မ်ားလာတာ ကို သတိျပဳမိမယ္ ထင္ပါတယ္။ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Development Drawing </span>ဆြဲတာ ကို သတိရပါ။) ေအာက္မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cross Section Area </span>ခ်င္း တူတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>ႏွစ္ခု ကို ယွဥ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Ss_o60eGX-I/AAAAAAAAAiw/1HAKN_Tz40E/s400/DuctAspectRatio.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390783376200720354" /><br /><li>အထက္ပါ ပံုအရ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Parameter </span>ခ်င္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >5m vs 4m </span>မို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(5-4)/4 = 25% </span>ပိုကုန္က်တာ ေတြ႕ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Diameter </span>ခ်င္းတူဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span>မ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>ကို နည္းနည္း ပိုႀကီးေပးဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Material Usage </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >30% </span>ေလာက္ပိုကုန္ပါတယ္။ (ေအာက္ဇယားတြင္ ရႈ။)<br /><li>ဒါ့အျပင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span> မ်ားလာတာနဲ႔ တစ္ၿပိဳင္တည္း မွာပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insulation </span>ပတ္ရမဲ့ ဧရိယာ မ်ားလာ သလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heat Gains/Loss </span>လည္း မ်ား လာပါအံုးမယ္။<li>ေအာက္မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Duct Diameter </span>တစ္ခု အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span>ေျပာင္းတဲ့ အေပၚ ပိုကုန္က်မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Material </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cost </span>ေတြ ကို နမူနာ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="23%">Aspect<br>Ratio</td><td style="" width="23%">Sheet Metal Usage</td><td style="" width="23%">Installation<br>Cost</td></tr><tr><td style="color: magenta;">1</td><td style="color: magenta;">1.00</td><td style="color: magenta;">1.00</td></tr><tr><td style="">2</td><td style="">1.07</td><td style="">1.12</td></tr><tr><td style="">3</td><td style="">1.18</td><td style="">1.26</td></tr><tr><td style="color: magenta;">4</td><td style="color: magenta;">1.29</td><td style="color: magenta;">1.44</td></tr><tr><td style="">5</td><td style="">1.39</td><td style="">1.62</td></tr><tr><td style="">6</td><td style="">1.49</td><td style="">2.00</td></tr><tr><td style="">7</td><td style="">1.59</td><td style="">2.08</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><li>အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table </span>ကို ၾကည့္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio 4 </span>ျဖစ္လာတဲ့ အခါ ကုန္က်မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sheet Metal </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >30% </span>ေလာက္ ပိုကုန္က် မွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Installation Cost </span>(တပ္ဆင္ စရိတ္) ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >50% </span>ေလာက္ပို ကုန္က်တာ ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Site / Space Constraints </span>ေတြ အရ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio 1 </span>အၿမဲတမ္း ရႏို္င္ဘို႔ က မလြယ္ပါဘူး။<span style="color: magenta;"> ဒါေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aspect Ratio </span>ကို <span style="color: red;" >4 </span> ထက္ မေက်ာ္ပါေစနဲ႔။</span><br /><li>မွတ္ရလြယ္ေအာင္ ေျပာရမယ္ ဆုိရင္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Low Aspect Ratio Means:</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Lower Friction Rate (Lower Operating Cost) </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Lower Perimeter to Area Ratio (Lower Material Cost) </span><br /></ul></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Pressure Loss Consideration </b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>ကို ကန္႔သတ္တဲ့ အခါ ပံုမွန္ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Medium Smooth </span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sheet Metal Duct </span>ေတြ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1 Pa/m (0.1 mmAq/m) </span>ေလာက္ ထားေလ့ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ဒါက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thumb Rule </span>ပါ။ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ ပိုၾကမ္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flexible Duct </span>လို၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fiber Duct </span>တို႔မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span>က ပိုမ်ားေနပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flexible Duct </span>မွာ ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိ ဆြဲဆန္႔ ထားတယ္၊ (ေကြးေနတယ္) ေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီး လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span>ထပ္တက္ လာႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flexible Duct </span>က တိုတာမို႔ ရိုးရိုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Same Velocity </span>ေလာက္မွာ ထားေရြးရင္ အဆင္ေျပေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ (မွတ္ခ်က္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flexible Duct </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1.5m (5 feet) </span>ထက္ မေက်ာ္ေစဘို႔ ဂရုစိုက္ ေပးပါ။ ဒါ့အျပင္ တကယ္ ဆင္တဲ့ အခါမွာလည္း ေခြေခါက္မေန ေစဘို႔ သတိျပဳပါ။) ဒါမွ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Standard Duct Size Chart </span>ေတြ သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sizing </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္မွာ ပါ။<li>အျပင္မွာ သံုးေနၾကတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Measure / Ductulator </span>ေတြကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Medium Smooth Sheet Metal Duct </span>အတြက္ ပဲ မွန္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook </span>ထဲမွာပါတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chart </span>ကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Medium Smooth </span>အတြက္ ပါပဲ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Medium Smooth </span>မဟုတ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flexible Duct </span>လို၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Concrete Duct </span>လိုေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span>လိုခ်င္ရင္ ျပန္တြက္ယူရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Roughness Factor </span>ကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE </span>မွာ ဒီလိုေပးထားပါတယ္။<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SlU9ceUm_kI/AAAAAAAAAfw/j1YpR33ao1Q/s1600-h/HVAC_DuctRoughness_SI.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 324px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SlU9ceUm_kI/AAAAAAAAAfw/j1YpR33ao1Q/s400/HVAC_DuctRoughness_SI.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5356254891212209730" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Cost </span>ကေစ်းႀကီးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Work Cost </span>ကသက္သာရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Friction Rate </span>က ပိုၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Economical </span>(တြက္ေခ်ကိုက္) ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Cost </span>ကေစ်းခ်ိဳၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Work Cost </span>ကေစ်းႀကီးရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Higher Friction Rate </span>က ေစ်းပိုသက္သာပါတယ္။ <li>အသံတိတ္ဆိပ္မႈ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity Limits </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Rate </span>အနည္းအမ်ား အလိုက္ လိုအပ္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fan/Equipment </span>ေတြ ကို ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားဘို႔လည္း မေမ့ ေစခ်င္ပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Pressure Class </span>ေတြ က လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >System Pressure Loss </span>နဲ႔တိုက္ရိုက္ ဆက္သြယ္မႈ ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Static Pressure </span>ျမင့္လာတာ နဲ႔ အတူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Material Thickness, Construction Method, Reinforcement Arrangements </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sealing Requirements </span>ေတြပါ လိုက္တက္ လာတာ ကို လည္း သတိမူ ေစခ်င္ပါတယ္။<br /><li>စာေရးသူ ေရးေပးထားခဲ့ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA: Excel </span>မွာေတာ့ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Roughness Factor </span> ေတြ အတြက္ ပါ တြက္ႏို္င္ေအာင္ စီစဥ္ေပးထားပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;">Flow Velocity Consideration</span></b><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>ကိုစဥ္းစားတဲ့ အခါ အခန္းရဲ့ ဆိတ္ၿငိမ္မႈ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ကို လိုက္လို႔ စဥ္းစားဘို႔ မွီျငမ္းစရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tables </span>ႏွစ္ခု ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"> <b>Suggested Maximum Airflow Velocities for Various Noise Criteria </b></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1"><tbody><tr><td rowspan =3 colspan =2><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Room NC</span></td><td colspan =3><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > S.I (m/s)</span></td><td colspan =3 ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > I.P (fpm: ft/min)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan =2 ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Supply</span></td><td rowspan =2><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Return</span></td><td colspan =2 ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Supply</span></td><td rowspan =2><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Return</span></td></tr><tr><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > (Main)</span></td><td width="7%"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > (Branch)</span></td><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > (Main)</span></td><td width="7%"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > (Branch)</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > NC50</span></td><td style="text-align: left;" width="16%"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Kitchen, Laundries, Machinery Space</span></td><td width="7%">10</td><td >8</td><td width="7%">6</td><td width="8%">2000</td><td width="7%">1600</td><td width="7%">1200</td></tr><tr><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > NC45</span></td><td style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Lobby / Maintenance</span></td><td >9</td><td >7</td><td >6</td><td >1800</td><td >1400</td><td >1200</td></tr><tr><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > NC40</span></td><td style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Large Office</span></td><td >8</td><td >6</td><td >5</td><td >1600</td><td >1200</td><td >1000</td></tr><tr><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > NC35</span></td><td style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Small Office</span></td><td >6.5</td><td >5</td><td >4</td><td >1300</td><td >1000</td><td >800</td></tr><tr><td ><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > NC30</span></td><td style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Residential</span></td><td >5</td><td >4</td><td >3</td><td >1000</td><td >800</td><td >600</td></tr></tbody></table></span><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" > <b>Suggested Maximum Airflow Velocities for Various Ductwork Installations</b></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="85%"><tbody><tr><td rowspan =3 style="text-align: left;" width="27%">Duct Location</td><td rowspan =3 width="18%">RC or NC Rating in Adjacent Occupancy</td><td colspan =4 >Max. Airflow Velocity</td></tr><tr><td colspan =2 >I.P (fpm)</td><td colspan =2 >S.I (m/s)</td></tr><tr><td width="10%">Rectangular</td><td width="10%">Circular</td><td width="10%">Rectangular</td><td width="10%">Circular</td></tr><tr><td rowspan =3 style="text-align: left;">In shaft or above solid drywall ceiling</td><td >45</td><td >3500</td><td >5000</td><td >17.5</td><td >25</td></tr><tr><td >35</td><td >2500</td><td >4500</td><td >12.5</td><td >22.5</td></tr><tr><td >25 or less</td><td >1500</td><td >2500</td><td >7.5</td><td >12.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan =3 style="text-align: left;">Above suspended acoustical ceiling</td><td >45</td><td >2500</td><td >4500</td><td >12.5</td><td >22.5</td></tr><tr><td >35</td><td >1750</td><td >3500</td><td >8.75</td><td >17.5</td></tr><tr><td >25 or less</td><td >1000</td><td >2000</td><td >5</td><td >10</td></tr></tbody></table></span><br /><li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table </span>ေတြက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>ကေန ထြက္လာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Noise Problem </span>ကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment Noise </span>အပါအဝင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Total Noise Control </span>လုပ္မဲ့ အခါ အျခားလိုအပ္ခ်က္ (ဥပမာ၊ ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sound Attenuator, Internal Duct Lining, Additional Duct Elbow, etc.) </span>ေတြ ပါဝင္လာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Lining </span>ထည့္ရမဲ့ အေျခအေန အတြက္ စိတ္ပူရမဲ့ အေျခအေန အထိ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Noise Criteria </span>ေတြ က တင္းက်ပ္ ေနခဲ့ရင္ သူ႔အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Allowance </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Dimension </span>မွာထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားထားေပးဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါမယ္။</ul><br /></ul><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;">Ducting Sizing</span></b><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss Limit </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity Limits </span>ေတြ သိၿပီး ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Sizes </span>ေတြကို အဓိက နည္းသံုးနည္း နဲ႔ ထဲ က တစ္နည္းနည္း ကို သံုးၿပီး ေရြးခ်ယ္ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: red;">Using Chart</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE / Carrier Handbooks </span>ေတြမွာ ပါတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chart </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ ယွဥ္ၿပီး ေရြးခ်ယ္ဘို႔ ပါ။<li><span style="color: red;" >Using Duct Measure / Ductulator </span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Measure / Ductulator </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Slide Instruments </span>ကို သံုးၿပီးေရြးခ်ယ္။<li><span style="color: red;">Using Program</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>ေရြးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Program </span>ေတြ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။ စာေရးသူ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Program </span>ကို လည္း သံုးၿပီး ေရြးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ol><li>အရြယ္အစား ေ႐ြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အခါမွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Circular Duct Size</span> ကို အရင္ ေ႐ြးခ်ယ္ရပါမယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rectangular </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Oval Duct </span>ေတြ ကိုေတာ့ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table </span>ေတြကေန ဖတ္ယူလို႔ပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ducts </span> ပံုစံ သံုးမ်ိဳး ယွဥ္ျပထားတဲ့ ပံု မွာပါတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equation </span>ေတြ ကေန ျပန္တြက္ယူလို႔ ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sizing </span>ေရြးခ်ယ္ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals </span>မွာ ပါဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tables </span>ေတြကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rectangular Duct </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table: Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Duct for Equal Friction and Capacity </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Oval Duct Size </span>အတြက္ ကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table: Equivalent Spiral Flat Oval Duct Dimension </span></ol>ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Measure / Ductulator </span>ေတြ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rectangular Duct Size </span> ကို တိုက္ရိုက္ ဖတ္လို႔ ရေလ့ ရွိတတ္ ပါေသးတယ္။<br /><br><li><b><span style="color: magenta;">Ducting Sizing in Excel Spread Sheet & VBA</span></b><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Spread Sheet </span> မွာ အလြယ္တကူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Sizing </span> လုပ္ႏိုင္ေစဘို႔ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/06/vba-for-mep-calculations.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA for MEP Calculations</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/06/vba-for-mep-calculations.html</span> ]</a> ကို ေရးသား ထားၿပီးပါၿပီ။ သြားေရာက္ ေလ့လာ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Impact of Duct Design Method in Duct Sizing</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Design Methods </span> (ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္နည္း) သံုးနည္း ရွိပါတယ္။<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equal Friction Method</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Static Regain Method</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >T-Method</span></ol><li>အေပၚမွာ တင္ျပခဲ့ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Sizing Method </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equal Friction Method </span>အတြက္ တိုက္ရိုက္သက္ဆိုင္ေပမဲ့ နည္းသံုးခု စလံုး အတြက္ အသံုးဝင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Design Method </span>အလိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss Factor </span>ေတြ ကို အနည္းငယ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Adjust </span>လုပ္ေပးဘို႔ လိုတာ ကိုသိထားဘို႔ ပဲလိုပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Section & Branch </span>ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flow Control / Adjusting </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dampers </span>ေတြ ထည့္ထားခဲ့ မယ္ဆိုရင္ ဒီနည္း နဲ႔ ေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ အတြက္ ျပႆနာ သိပ္ေပၚစရာ မရွိလွပါဘူး။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct System Design </span>တစ္ခုလံုး လုပ္တဲ့ အခါမွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Sizing </span>သာမက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fan / System Interface </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Fitting Loss </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ သေဘာ သဘာဝ ကို သိရွိနားလည္ ေနဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct System Design </span>နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ေနာက္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >post </span>မွာ ဆက္လက္ ေရးသားေပးသြားမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>References:</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li>"<span style="color: magenta;">Duct Design</span>", Chapter 21, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals</span>, 2009.<li>"<span style="color: magenta;">HVAC Duct Construction Standards</span>", 2nd Edition with Addenum No. 1, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >SMACNA</span>, 1997.<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mark E. Schaffer</span>, "<span style="color: magenta;">A Practical Guide to Noise and Vibration Controls for HVAC Systems</span>", 2nd Edition (I-P), <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE</span>, 2005.<li>"<span style="color: magenta;">Air Duct Design</span>", Chapter 2, <span style="color: magenta;">Carrier</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Handbook of Air Conditioning Design</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >McGraw-Hill</span>, 1965.</ol><br /><br /></ol><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-1100668298126435272?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-87445095149297791752009-06-23T21:53:00.053+08:002009-10-02T22:39:12.851+08:00VBA for MEP Calculations<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Application </span>ေတြထဲ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Programming </span>အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး သံုးလို႔ ရပါတယ္။ ဒီအထဲ မွာ သံုးတတ္ရင္ အခ်ိန္ကုန္ သက္သာေစတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA (Visual Basics for Application) </span>ကိုသံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Engineering Formula Functions </span>ေတြ ေရးတာ ကို မိတ္ဆက္ေပး ဘို႔ ရည္ရြယ္ထားပါတယ္။<li>အဓိက သံုးမဲ့ ေနရာ က ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >spread sheet (Microsoft Excel) </span>အတြက္ ပါ။ တကယ္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MS Offices </span>ေတြ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Web Script </span>ေတြ အတြက္ သာ မက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AutoCad ® </span>မွာလည္း အသံုးျပဳလို႔ ေကာင္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >programming </span>တစ္ခုပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AutoCad ® </span>ကိုသံုးတဲ့ သူေတြ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AutoLisp, vBA, Diesel, Script </span>စတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >programming </span>အခ်ိဳ႕ကို နားလည္ရင္ ထပ္တလဲလဲ လုပ္ရတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >process </span>ေတြ ကို အခ်ိန္ကုန္ သက္သာစြာ နဲ႔ လုပ္ေဆာင္ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ရႈတ္ရႈတ္ေထြးေထြး တြက္ခ်က္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တာေတြ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Trial and error Loop </span>နဲ႔တြက္ရတာေတြ အတြက္လည္း တစ္ႀကိမ္ စနစ္တက် ေခါင္းရႈတ္ခံ လိုက္ရင္ ေနာက္တစ္ခါ သံုးဘို႔ အဆင္သင့္ ျဖစ္ေစပါမယ္။</ul><span id="fullpost"><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Basic of Programming</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Programming Languages </span>အလိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Detail </span>အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >basic instructions </span>အခ်ိဳ႕ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Languages </span>တိုင္းလိုလို မွာပါဝင္ေနတာ ေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>input</b></span>: Get data from the keyboard, a file, or some other device. <li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>output</b></span>: Display data on the screen or send data to a file or other device. <li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Math / Operation </b></span>: Perform basic mathematical operations like addition and multiplication. <li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>conditional execution</b></span>: Check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate sequence of statements. <li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>repetition</b></span>: Perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation. </ul><li>ဒါေတြရဲ့ အေျခခံ ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Algorithm (or) Pseudocode and Program Flow Chart </span>ေတြနဲ႔ ျပလို႔ ရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modular programming </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Program </span>အေသးေလး ေတြ အပိုင္းလိုက္ အကန္႔လိုက္ အစိတ္စိတ္ သီးျခားခြဲ ေရးၿပီး မွ ေပါင္းစပ္ သံုးတဲ့ အခါ ေရးရတာေရာ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >debug </span>လုပ္ရတာေရာ လြယ္ကူလာပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Program </span>ေရးတဲ့ အခါ စနစ္ တက် <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Planning </span>လုပ္ထားခဲ့ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ မဟုတ္ရင္ အမွားရွာရ ျပင္ရ စတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Debugging </span>လုပ္ရတာ က ေရးရတာထက္ အဆေပါင္း မ်ားစြာ ပိုခက္ေစရံု သာမက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Crush </span>ျဖစ္တဲ့ ျပႆနာ ေတြကိုပါ ထပ္ရွင္း ေနရပါလိမ့္ အံုးမယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Programming Flowchart </span>နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><a href="http://www.nos.org/htm/basic2.htm" target="_blank" title="FlowChart..."> http://www.nos.org/htm/basic2.htm </a> </span>မွာ သြား ေရာက္ ေလ့လာ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အဓိက သိသင့္တာ ကေတာ့ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Start / End : </span>အစ နဲ႔ အဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Programming </span>တိုင္းမွာ အစ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Start) </span>နဲ႔ အဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(End) </span>ပါဝင္ရပါမယ္။) သူ႕ရဲ့ ပံုက ေထာင့္ကို လံုးထားတဲ့ စတုဂံ ပံုပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Process : Computational steps or processing function of a program</span>၊ ပံုက ရိုးရိုး စတုဂံပံုပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Decision Making and Branching</span>၊ ႐ြမ္းဗတ္ ပံု။</ul><br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>VBA for Excel</b></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Application </span>ကိုေလ့လာတဲ့ အခါ သိသင့္တာေတြ ကေတာ့၊<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VB for Application</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VB for Excel Application</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Files</span> (personal.xls or add-in ".xla", Newer version ".xlsx")</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Excel VBA Object Model</span>: Excel, Word, AutoCad ® </span>သာမက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>သံုးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Applications </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Object Model </span>ေတြရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါမွ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>ကေန လုပ္ေဆာင္ရမဲ့၊ လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္တဲ့ နည္းလမ္းေတြ ကို ရွာေဖြ ႏိုင္ဘို႔ပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Macro Security</span></span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Function and Sub</span>: Sub </span>ဆိုတာ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >macro </span>အေနနဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >run </span>လို႔ရတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >processes </span>ေတြပါ။ ပါဝင္တဲ့ နည္းလမ္း အခ်ိဳ႕ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >modify </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >macro record </span>လုပ္ၿပီး မီွျငမ္းေလ့လာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Form </span>ေတြပါ ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Graphical User Interface </span>နဲ႔ သံုးစြဲႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အခုတင္ျပမွာ ကေတာ့ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sub </span> အေၾကာင္း မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Spread Sheet </span> ထဲမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>အေနနဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insert </span>လုပ္ သံုးႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span> ေတြအေၾကာင္းပါ။</ul> <br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>HVAC Air-Side Circular Duct Sizing Calculations (SI Units)</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cold Air Standard </span>အတြက္ သံုးရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>အရြယ္အစား ေရြးခ်ယ္တဲ့ နည္းပါ။ ဒီနည္း နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span>ကို တြက္ထုတ္ ရင္ ရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Pressure Loss </span>အေျဖက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >± 5% </span>အတြင္းမွာ ရွိပါတယ္။ သူ႕ကို သံုးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Conditions </span>ေတြကေတာ့။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature: <span style="color: magenta;">5</span> to <span style="color: magenta;">35 </span><span style="color: green;">°C</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ></span>Elevation: <span style="color: magenta;">0</span> to <span style="color: magenta;"> 500</span><span style="color: green;">m</span></span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Pressure: <span style="color: magenta;">-5</span> to <span style="color: magenta;">5</span> <span style="color: green;">kPa</span> relative to ambient pressure</span></ul><li>ဒီ အေျခအေန ေတြ က ပံုမွန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC </span>အတြက္ လံုေလာက္ပါတယ္။ <li>အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Constraints </span>ႏွစ္ခုရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Friction Loss </span>ပါ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>ကိုပဲ သံုးရင္ မွားတတ္ပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity Limits </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Basic Duct Sizing Consideration </span>ေတြကုိ <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/08/pipe-sizing-duct-sizing.html"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">M&E Basics: Pipe & Duct Sizing </span></a> မွာေလ့လာပါ။ (မွတ္ခ်က္၊ ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ducting </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Piping </span>ကို သီးသန္႔ျပန္ခြဲ ဘို႔ စီစဥ္ေနပါတယ္။)<li>ပထမဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct Size </span>ကို တြက္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ကိုေရးရပါမယ္။ <li>အသံုးျပဳမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Calculation Formulae </span>ေတြကို ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamental </span>ထဲကေန မွီျငမ္းထားပါတယ္။<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 245px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skrz4kNvcYI/AAAAAAAAAeo/4i5DAmhkz08/s400/M-AC_DPEQ1-SI.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353359260202791298" /><br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 164px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skrz42JEvTI/AAAAAAAAAew/n9DlsS-K9Aw/s400/M-AC_DPEQ2-SI.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353359265015053618" /><br /><br /><li>တြက္နည္း အဆင့္ဆင့္ ကေတာ့၊ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Velocity </span>အတြင္းဝင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>ကိုတြက္မယ္။<li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span>နဲ႔ တြက္ရင္ ရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss </span>ကိုတြက္ၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Limit </span>အတြင္းရွိမရွိ ၾကည့္မယ္။ ဝင္ေနတယ္ ဆိုရင္ အေျဖရပါၿပီ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Limit </span>အတြင္း မဟုတ္ေသး ရင္ေတာ့ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Loss Limit </span>အတြင္း မဝင္မခ်င္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Size </span> ကိုျပန္ေရြး၊ ျပန္တြက္ လုပ္ရပါမယ္။</ul><br /><li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ကိုေရးတဲ့ အခါ တြက္ရ ပုိၿပီးလြယ္ ကူေအာင္ အကူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Functions </span>ခြဲႏွစ္ခု ပါ ထည့္ေရးထားပါတယ္။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Functions </span>သံုးခု ေပါင္းမွ အလုပ္ လုပ္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: red;">DuctSize_Cir_mm</span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct Size </span>ကို တြက္ထုတ္ဘို႔ပါ။<li><span style="color: red;">DuctFrictionLoss_Pa</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct Frictioin Loss </span>ကို တြက္ထုတ္ဘို႔ပါ။<li><span style="color: red;">f_Colebrook</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Colebrook's Friction Factor </span> ကို တြက္ထုတ္ဘို႔ပါ။</ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flowcharts </span>ေတြ ကို ေရးမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဒီလိုေတြ႕ရပါမယ္။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: red;">DuctSize_Cir_mm</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTpPnW4I/AAAAAAAAAfo/NNiXB_g5a8c/s1600-h/VB_DuctFlowChrt01.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 147px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTpPnW4I/AAAAAAAAAfo/NNiXB_g5a8c/s400/VB_DuctFlowChrt01.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354097497711532930" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: red;">DuctFrictionLoss_Pa</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTco50rI/AAAAAAAAAfg/1DC_8TWRCc8/s1600-h/VB_DuctFlowChrt02.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 360px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTco50rI/AAAAAAAAAfg/1DC_8TWRCc8/s400/VB_DuctFlowChrt02.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354097494327939762" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: red;">f_Colebrook</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTCnhBfI/AAAAAAAAAfY/g6LMbhRSwFM/s1600-h/VB_DuctFlowChrt03.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 275px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sk2TTCnhBfI/AAAAAAAAAfY/g6LMbhRSwFM/s400/VB_DuctFlowChrt03.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354097487342798322" /></a></ol><br /><br /><li>ဒီနည္း ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Numerical Programming </span>နဲ႔တြက္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ကို ေရးရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel </span>ထဲက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Visual Basic Editor </span>ေအာက္မွာပါ။ သီးသန္႔ ".<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >xla</span>" အျဖစ္နဲ႔ ထားၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel </span> အစမွာ တက္ဘို႔ ထားထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >XLStart </span>ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Folder </span>ကိုရွာၿပီး ထည့္ခ်င္ထည့္၊ “<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >personal.xls</span>” ဆိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >File </span>ထဲမွာပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ ထားလို႔ရပါတယ္။ <br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Macro Security Level </span> ေပၚမူတည္ ၿပီး အလုပ္လုပ္ခြင့္ ေပးရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Powerful Operation </span> ေတြမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Macro Security </span> အေၾကာင္းကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေလ့လာ သိရွိထားဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br /><li>"<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >personal.xls</span>" ဆိုတာ မရွိေသးရင္ေတာ့ ပထမ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Record New Macro </span>လုပ္၊ စာတစ္လံုး ႏွစ္လံုးရိုက္၊ ဟုိႏွိပ္ဒီႏွိပ္ လုပ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Stop Macro </span>ကိုႏွိပ္၊ ၿပီးလို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Visual Basic Editor </span>ကို ဖြင့္လိုက္ရင္ "<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >personal.xls</span>" တက္လာတာ ေတြ႕ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 307px; height: 223px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skr6PMWj0vI/AAAAAAAAAe4/Rtvor4-t3VU/s400/VB01.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353366246004085490" /><br/><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;">ေအာက္ဆံုး ပိုင္း မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel 2003 </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel 2007 </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Screenshots </span>အခ်ိဳ႕ကို ထည့္သြင္း ေပးထားပါတယ္။</span><br/><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Visual Basic Editor </span> မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Module </span>ကို ကိုယ္ႏွစ္သက္သလို နာမည္ေပး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >e.g. AirDuct </span>ၿပီးရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code </span>ေနရာမွာ ေအာက္က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code </span>ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Copy & Paste </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: green;">'General Section Declaration</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Option Base</span> <span style="color: cyan;">0 </span><span style="color: green;">'array base</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Option Compare Text </span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Private Const</span> <span style="color: magenta;">atm</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double </span>= <span style="color: cyan;">101.325 </span><span style="color: green;"> ' Atmospheric pressure in kPA</span><br /><span style="color: blue;">Public Const</span> <span style="color: magenta;">pi</span> <span style="color: blue;"> As Double </span>= <span style="color: cyan;">3.14159265358979</span><br /></ul><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctSize_Cir_mm</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> = 1, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">V_mps</span> = 8, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> = 0.09)<br/><span style="color: green;">'Calculate Circular Duct Size, Default for 1Pa/m, 8 m/s and Medium Surface Roughness 0.09mm</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'calc Area which satisfy the velocity limits</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">V_mps</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span> / (3600# * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = (<span style="color: cyan;">4</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> / pi) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.5</span> * <span style="color: cyan;">1000</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'call function for Friction Loss</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> = DuctFrictionLoss_Pa(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> > <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Use Power rule estimation for iteration</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> = DuctFrictionLoss_Pa(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'exit error 1%</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> Abs((<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>) / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>) < <span style="color: cyan;">0.01</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then Exit</span> <span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctSize_Cir_mm</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br /></br><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctFrictionLoss_Pa</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">DuctDia_mm</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> = 0.09)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Calculate Friction Loss</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dQ</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span> <span style="color: green;">'flowrate (m3/s), diameter(mm)</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dF</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span> <span style="color: green;">'velocity (m/s), friction factor</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dM</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dE</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span> <span style="color: green;">'density (kg/m3), surface roughness</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Re</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'For Cold Air Standard at density=1.2kg/m3</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">DuctDia_mm</span> > <span style="color: cyan;">0</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dQ</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Air_cmh</span> / 3600# <span style="color: green;">'convert air flowrate to m3/s</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">DuctDia_mm</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dM</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">1.2</span> <span style="color: green;">'kg/m3 for cold air std</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span> * pi * (<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> / 1000#) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dQ</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> <span style="color: green;">'v=Q/A</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">Re</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">66.4</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: green;">'Ref ASHRAE: or use Re = V * d / nu</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dF</span> = f_Colebrook(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">Re</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctFrictionLoss_Pa</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">500</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dF</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dM</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Else</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctFrictionLoss_Pa</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br /></br><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">f_Colebrook</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_by_D</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Re</span>) <span style="color: green;">'e_by_D Relative roughness; Dh: Hydraulic Dia, Re: Reynold number</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Calculate Colebrook friction Factor</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">f</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">root_f1</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Start with Tsal's estimation</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">f</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.11</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_by_D</span> + <span style="color: cyan;">68</span> / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Re</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: magenta;">f</span> < <span style="color: cyan;">0.018</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">f</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.85</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">f</span> + <span style="color: cyan;">0.0028</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">f</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.5</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">root_f1</span> = -<span style="color: cyan;">0.5</span> * Log(<span style="color: cyan;">10</span>) / Log(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_by_D</span> / <span style="color: cyan;">3.7</span> + <span style="color: cyan;">2.51</span> / (<span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">Re</span>))<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'check if error is less than 0.5%</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> Abs((<span style="color: magenta;">root_f1</span> - <span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span>) / <span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span>) < <span style="color: cyan;">0.005</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then Exit</span> <span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.5</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> + <span style="color: magenta;">root_f1</span>) <span style="color: green;">'Use binary approach iteration</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">f_Colebrook</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">root_f</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /></ol><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Use of VBA Functions in Excel Worksheet</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ၿပီးရင္ေတာ့ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Spreadsheet </span>မွာ အသင့္သံုးႏိုင္ပါၿပီ။<br /><li>ပထမ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insert function </span>ကိုသြားၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >select a category </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >User Defined </span>ကိုေရြးလိုက္ရင္ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ေတြ ေပၚလာပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 343px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skr-C0TLXHI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/6UhpRtX0i98/s400/VBfunc_insert.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353370431435529330" /><br /><li>ၿပီးရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Formula </span>သံုးေနက် အတိုင္းသံုးရံုပါပဲ။<img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 258px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skr9-GHoKWI/AAAAAAAAAfI/xmgpI_kkrPw/s400/VB_Duct01.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353370350319577442" /><br />ဒီအထဲ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air_cmh </span>ဆိုတဲ့ ကြက္လပ္ကိုေတာ့ ျဖည့္ကို ျဖည့္ရပါမယ္။ အျခား ကြက္လပ္ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>မွာထဲ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Optional </span>အေနနဲ႔ ေရြးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Assign </span>လုပ္ထားတာမို႔ မျဖည့္လည္း ရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Assigned </span>လုပ္ခဲ့တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >value </span>ေတြကေတာ့ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">dP_Pa</span> = <span style="color: green;">1 </span><li><span style="color: magenta;">V_mps </span>= <span style="color: green;">8</span> <li><span style="color: magenta;">E_mm</span> = <span style="color: green;">0.09 </span></ul><br /><li>ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Style: Drag-Coppy</span> လုပ္လိုက္ရင္ ရမဲ့ အေျဖကေတာ့၊<br /><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 368px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Skr93BRjUxI/AAAAAAAAAfA/CKDrOta8K0k/s400/VB_Duct02.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353370228759941906" /><br /><br /><li>ဒီကရတဲ့ အေျဖက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chart </span>ကေနၾကည့္လို႔ ရတဲ့ အေျဖနဲ႔ အတူတူေလာက္ပါပဲ။ တကယ္ အေသးစိတ္ တြက္လို႔ ရမဲ့ အေျဖရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >± 1% </span>အတြင္းမွာ ရွိတာမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >safety factor </span> ထည့္ယူေလ့ရွိတဲ့ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ ေတြအတြက္ လံုေလာက္ပါတယ္။<br /><span style="color: magenta;">မွတ္ခ်က္</span>။ ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Excel Calculation Sheet File </span>ေတြကို ေပးတဲ့ အခါမွာေတာ့ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ေတြ အဲဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >file </span>ထဲမွာ မပါရင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ မွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ စကားေၾကာ မရွည္ အပို ရွင္းမျပ ခ်င္ရင္ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>ေတြ နဲ႔တြက္ ၿပီး ရလာတဲ့ အေျဖ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cell </span>ေတြက အေျဖ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Copy </span>ကူး၊ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Paste Special </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >values </span>ကို ေရြးၿပီး ျပန္ထည့္လိုက္ပါ။<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Non Circular Duct Sizing Calculations</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Air-Side </span>မွာသံုးေလ့ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Duct </span>အမ်ိဳးအစား သံုးခု ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SkGYiOVoZqI/AAAAAAAAAeg/ehmYyABg8Aw/s400/MAC_DuctTypes.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350725546024658594" /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct </span>မဟုတ္တဲ့ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct </span>ေတြ ကို သံုးတဲ့ အခါ အသင့္ေတာ္ဆံုး ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Circular Duct </span>ကိုရွာၿပီး တြက္တဲ့ နည္းပါ။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rectangular Duct </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Diameter </span> ရွာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function</span> ကိုသံုးႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ကိုေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။</br><br /><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctR2C</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span>) <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Rectangular Duct to Circular Duct</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> > <span style="color: cyan;">0</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctR2C</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">1.3</span> * ((<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.625</span>) / ((<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> + <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Else</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctR2C</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Oval Duct </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Diameter </span>ရွာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function</span> ကိုသံုးႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ကိုေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။</br><br /><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctO2C</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span>) <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Oval Duct to Circular Duct</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">P</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> > <span style="color: cyan;">0</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> = (pi * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span> / <span style="color: cyan;">4</span>) + <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">P</span> = pi * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> + <span style="color: cyan;">2</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctO2C</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">1.55</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.625</span>) / (<span style="color: magenta;">P</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Else</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctO2C</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct </span> ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Rectangular Duct Size </span> ရွာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function</span> ကိုသံုးႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ကိုေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။</br><br /><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctC2R</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> = 0) <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Circular Duct to Rectangular Duct</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'if Dimension (dH) is zero, square duct</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'dH could be either dimension: "Width" or "Height"</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dW1</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> > <span style="color: cyan;">0</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Estimate dH</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span> * pi * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">1.3</span> * ((<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.625</span>) / ((<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> + <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> Abs((<span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>) / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>) < <span style="color: cyan;">0.005</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then Exit</span> <span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Else</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> * <span style="color: cyan;">0.9148</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctC2R</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Circular Duct </span> ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equivalent Oval Duct Size </span> ရွာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function</span>ကိုသံုးႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ကိုေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။</br><br /><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctC2O_Width</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> = 0) <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Circular Duct to Rectangular Duct</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'if Dimension (dH) is zero, square duct + round, ie, a = 2 * b</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'dH is dimension b for "Height", dW is dimension a for "Width"</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'As nature, dH < dD</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dW1</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">P</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> > <span style="color: cyan;">0</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: green;">'Estimate dH</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span> * pi * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>) / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> = (pi * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span> / <span style="color: cyan;">4</span>) + <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">P</span> = pi * <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span> + <span style="color: cyan;">2</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">1.55</span> * (<span style="color: magenta;">dA</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.625</span>) / (<span style="color: magenta;">P</span> ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.25</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">2</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> Abs((<span style="color: magenta;">dD1</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>) / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span>) < <span style="color: cyan;">0.005</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then Exit</span> <span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Else</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dW</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD</span> / <span style="color: cyan;">1.5234</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctC2O_Width</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dW</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Duct Design </span>ကိုလိုက္လို႔ ရႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Flow Limits </span>ကိုတြက္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function </span>သံုးခုကို ေအာက္မွာ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Cir_cmh</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD_mm</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> = 1, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span> = 9, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> = 0.09)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dD_mm</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.0009</span> * pi * <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: green;">'0.0009 <- 0.25*3600/1000000</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> = DuctFrictionLoss_Pa(<span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> > <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> * (<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> / <span style="color: magenta;">dP</span>) ^ <span style="color: cyan;">0.5</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span> = <span style="color: cyan;">0.0009</span> * pi * <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> * <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> = DuctFrictionLoss_Pa(<span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">If</span> Abs(<span style="color: magenta;">dP</span> - <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>) / <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> < <span style="color: cyan;">0.01</span> <span style="color: blue;">Then Exit</span> <span style="color: blue;">Do</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Loop</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">End If</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Cir_cmh</span> = <span style="color: magenta;">cmh</span><br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Rec_cmh</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW_mm</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH_mm</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> = 1, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span> = 9, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> = 0.09)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = DuctR2C(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW_mm</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH_mm</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Rec_cmh</span> = DuctAirFlow_Cir_cmh(<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /><br /><li><span style="color: blue;">Function</span> <span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Oval_cmh</span>(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW_mm</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH_mm</span>, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span> = 1, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span> = 9, <span style="color: blue;">Optional</span> <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span> = 0.09)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: blue;">Dim</span> <span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span>, <span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> <span style="color: blue;">As Double</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dV</span> = <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span> = DuctO2C(<span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dW_mm</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dH_mm</span>)<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: red;">DuctAirFlow_Oval_cmh</span> = DuctAirFlow_Cir_cmh(<span style="color: magenta;">dD</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dP_Pa</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">dV_mps</span>, <span style="color: rgb(138, 43, 226);">e_mm</span>)<br/><span style="color: blue;">End Function</span><br/><br /></ol><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Screenshots of Adding VBA Codes in Excel</b> </span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Excel 2002-2003 (or Earlier)</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>နမူနာ အေနနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Microsoft Excel 2002-2003 </span>မွာဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ဒီလိုေတြ႕ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsWUiSAtJgI/AAAAAAAAAhw/cAFvYCBg_I4/s1600-h/vbaxls200201.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsWUiSAtJgI/AAAAAAAAAhw/cAFvYCBg_I4/s400/vbaxls200201.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387875845889926658" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Visual Basic Editor </span>ဆိုတာ ကို ႏွိပ္လိုက္ရင္ ေအာက္က ပံုစံ ေပၚလာပါလိမ့္မယ္။ အထဲမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA Code </span>ေတြ ကို ကူးယူၿပီးရင္ ဒီလို ေတြ႔ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsWTxS4ukkI/AAAAAAAAAho/9cuLBZfPZR4/s1600-h/vbaxls200202.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 259px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsWTxS4ukkI/AAAAAAAAAho/9cuLBZfPZR4/s400/vbaxls200202.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387875004311310914" /></a><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Excel 2007</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >2007 </span>အထက္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tools </span>အစား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Developer Tab </span>အေနနဲ႔ ဝင္လာပါတယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK8ApqwWI/AAAAAAAAAh4/DrYHWwuXw4I/s1600-h/vbaxls200705.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 200px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK8ApqwWI/AAAAAAAAAh4/DrYHWwuXw4I/s400/vbaxls200705.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388006030278574434" /></a><br/><br /><li>တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Developer Tab </span>ကို ေဖ်ာက္ ထားတတ္ပါေသးတယ္။ ဒါဆိုရင္ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >excel option </span>ေအာက္ကေန သြားရွာ ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ (မေသခ်ာ ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Help </span>မွာ ရွာၾကည့္ပါ။)<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK-GiLd4I/AAAAAAAAAiY/gy4tUFPVvHI/s1600-h/vbaxls200701.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK-GiLd4I/AAAAAAAAAiY/gy4tUFPVvHI/s400/vbaxls200701.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388006066217514882" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK9pTumPI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/e2bbTw3n3lc/s1600-h/vbaxls200702.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 326px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK9pTumPI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/e2bbTw3n3lc/s400/vbaxls200702.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388006058372274418" /></a><br/><br /><li>အထက္မွာ ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ အတိုင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Macro Security Level </span> ေပၚမူတည္ ၿပီး အလုပ္လုပ္ခြင့္ ေပးရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Powerful Operation </span> ေတြမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Macro Security </span> အေၾကာင္းကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေလ့လာ သိရွိထားဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK9LeyurI/AAAAAAAAAiI/573KdcYfH1U/s1600-h/vbaxls200703.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 325px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK9LeyurI/AAAAAAAAAiI/573KdcYfH1U/s400/vbaxls200703.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388006050365618866" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK8sXyaSI/AAAAAAAAAiA/zbyUSA-Yfb8/s1600-h/vbaxls200704.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 326px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SsYK8sXyaSI/AAAAAAAAAiA/zbyUSA-Yfb8/s400/vbaxls200704.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388006042014738722" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Developer Tab </span>ေအာက္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code </span>ေနရာ မွာ လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Macro Security </span>ဆိုတာ ရွိပါတယ္။ ထြက္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Screen </span>ကေတာ့ အေပၚက ပံုအတိုင္းပါပဲ။<br /></ul><br /></ul><br /><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>VBA Code to show VBA functions in html</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA code </span>ေတြမွာ အေရာင္ေတြ ခြဲေပးထားတာ က လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VBA </span>ကို သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >html format </span>ကို ေပးထားလို႔ပါ။ ဒါကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: red;" >MS Word </span>ေအာက္မွာ ေရးၿပီးသံုးပါတယ္။ အပို သိပ္မပါပဲ ရွင္းရွင္းလင္းလင္း ျမင္ရေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >format </span>လုပ္ဘို႔က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >html </span>မွာသိပ္မလြယ္ ပါဘူး။ အခ်ိန္လည္း အရမ္းကုန္ပါတယ္။ <br /></ul><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 80%"><span style="color: red;"><b>Disclaimer</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Programming </span>နဲ႔ သံုးလို႔ရတယ္ ဆိုတာ ကို မိတ္ဆက္ ေပးခ်င္ လို႔ပါ။ ၿပီးေတာ့ အခ်ိန္ကုန္ သက္သာ ေစခ်င္တာလည္း ပါပါတယ္။ <br /><li>အတတ္ႏိုင္ဆံုး ႀကိဳးစားထားေပမဲ့ အမွား လံုးဝကင္းပါတယ္ လို႔ အာမ မခံႏိုင္ပါဘူး။ စာဖတ္သူ ကိုယ္တုိုင္ သံုးစြဲၿပီး ၾကည့္ၿပီး အေျဖမွန္ ေပးႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ေသခ်ာမွ သံုးစြဲပါလို႔ အသိေပး လိုပါတယ္။ <br /></ul></span><br /></ol><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-8744509514929779175?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-10384757763153251872009-04-29T18:11:00.134+08:002009-06-04T17:49:40.297+08:00Water Tanks ( ေရကန္ မ်ား )<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အေဆာက္အအံု တိုင္းလိုလို မွာ ေသာက္ေရ၊ သံုးေရ က လိုအပ္ခ်က္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ေသာက္ဘို႔၊ ခ်ိဳးဘို႔၊ ေဆးေၾကာဘို႔၊ အစားအစာ စီမံ ခ်က္ျပဳတ္ဘို႔၊ အပင္ေတြေရေလာင္း ဘို႔၊ စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရး၊ ေမြးျမဴေရး အတြက္၊ အေရးေပၚ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ ႏိုင္ဘို႔၊ ကုန္ပစၥည္း ထုတ္လုပ္ဘို႔ ေတြ အျပင္ အျခားသံုးစြဲစရာ အေၾကာင္းေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး ရွိပါတယ္။ <li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Storage Water Cistern (Bulk Water Storage Tank) </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ အေဆာက္အအံု သံုး ေရေလွာင္ကန္ ေတြ က မပါမျဖစ္ ပါဝင္လာရပါတယ္။ ဒီလို ေရကန္၊ ေရစည္ ေတြ ကို သံုးခဲ့တာ ကလည္း ေရွးပေဝသဏီ၊ လူေတြရဲ့ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ စတင္ခဲ့ တဲ့ အခ်ိန္ က စတင္ ခဲ့တာပါ။</ul><span id="fullpost"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Introduction</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Basic Design Consideration </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Components of a Water Tank </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Level of Components </span>(လိုအပ္တဲ့ အစိတ္အပိုင္း ေတြရဲ့ အျမင့္ သတ္မွတ္ ေနရာခ်ထားျခင္း။)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coordination with Architecture & Structure </span> : <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Architects & Structure Engineer </span>တို႔ႏွင့္ ညွိႏိႈင္း ျခင္း။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank Storage Capacity </span>တြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း၊<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maintaining Water Quality</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Design to Install Panel Tanks</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Standard Specifications</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Review</span></ol><br /></ul><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="I"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Basic Design Consideration</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရေပးေဝ တဲ့ စနစ္ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >reliability </span>(မွီခုိအားထားႏိုင္မႈ) နဲ႔ ကိုယ့္ အေဆာက္အအံု ရဲ့ အသံုးေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီး ေရမျပတ္ ရေလေအာင္ (အၿမဲတန္း လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေရ အဆင္သင့္ ရႏိုင္ေအာင္)၊ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေရ ပမာဏ ကို သိုေလွာင္မႈလည္း လိုအပ္ေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ <li>အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြမွာ ေရကို သိုေလွာင္ ရျခင္း အေၾကာင္းရင္းေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li>ေရေဝတဲ့ ဌာန က ေပးတဲ့ ေရမလာတဲ့ အခါ၊ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ကိုျဖည့္ႏိုင္ေအာင္<li>ေရေပးတဲ့ ပိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >mains </span>ေတြအတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >maximum rate of demand </span>ကိုေလွ်ာ့ခ် ေပးဘို႔ပါ။ ဒါက ေရျဖန္႔တဲ့ ဘက္ကၾကည့္မယ္ ဆိုရင္ လည္း ျဗဳန္းကနဲ တအားဆြဲသံုး မဲ့ အစား တျဖည္းျဖည္း ခ်င္းျဖည့္ေပး ျခင္းအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >maximum rate of demand </span>ကိုေလွ်ာ့ခ် ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water supply company </span>ေတြ က လည္း ေရမီတာ ေတြ ကို တတ္ဆင္ေပးတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maximum demand </span> အေပၚ ကို အေျခခံ ေလ့ မရွိပဲ တစ္ေန႔ပ်မ္းမွ် အသံုးအား ေပၚမွာပဲ အေျခခံ တြက္ခ်က္ၿပီး တတ္ဆင္ ေပးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maximum demand </span> လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ရဲ့ တစ္စိတ္တစ္ပိုင္း ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Storage Tank </span> က ေန ျဖည့္ဆီးေပး ရပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fire Protection </span>(မီးသတ္ဘို႔ အတြက္) ဆိုရင္ လည္း အေရးေပၚအေျခအေန အတြက္ လိုအပ္မဲ့ ေရ အၿမဲ အဆင္သင့္ ျဖစ္ေနေအာင္ သိုေလွာင္ ထားရပါတယ္။<br /></ol><br /><li>ေရေလွာင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tanks </span> အျပင္က ေရညစ္ပတ္ ေတြစိမ့္မဝင္ ေအာင္၊ အထဲက ေရေတြ စိမ့္မထြက္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >watertight </span> ျဖစ္ေနဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္ တိုက္စား၊ပြန္းစား၊ (သံ) ေခ်းတက္၊ စတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Corrosion</span> ဒါဏ္ေတြ ကို လည္း ခံႏိုင္ရည္ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >material </span>ေတြကိုသံုးၿပီး တည္ေဆာက္ ရပါတယ္။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >materials </span>ေတြ က ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >quality </span>ကို မထိခိုက္ေစဘို႔ လိုပါတယ္။ အရသာ နဲ႔ အနံ႔ ကိုသာမက ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PH Level </span>နဲ႔ အျခား ဓာတ္ျပဳမႈေတြ ကိုပါ မျဖစ္ေစဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ေရညိွ၊ ဘက္တီးရီးယား နဲ႔ အျခား အႏုဇီဝ ပိုးမႊားေတြ ေပါက္ပြားတာ ကို အားေပးႏိုင္ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >materials </span>ေတြ လည္း မျဖစ္ရပါဘူး။ ခဲဆိပ္ မသင့္ေစဘို႔ အတြက္ ခဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Lead) </span>လံုးဝ မသံုးရပါဘူး။ <br>( <span style="color: magenta;"> ျမန္မာျပည္မွာေတာ့ သံျဖဴဆရာေတြ သြပ္ေရပံုး၊ ေရကန္ လုပ္ဘို႔ ခဲသံုးေနဆဲ ျဖစ္တာ ကို စိတ္မေကာင္းစရာ ေတြ႕ေန ရဆဲပါ။ </span>)<li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water tank/container </span>ကိုဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္တဲ႔ အခါ ေရကို မထိခိုက္ မညစ္ညမ္းေစရေအာင္ ဂရုစိုက္ရပါမယ္။ ဘက္တီးရီးယား နဲ႔ ပိုးမႊားေတြ၊ ေရညွိေရေမွာ္ေတြ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pH </span>အေျပာင္းအလဲ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >minerals </span>(သတၱဳဓာတ္) ေတြ စုလာတာ အစ ရွိတဲ့ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >negative influences </span>(ပေယာဂ) ေတြ ေၾကာင့္ သိုေလွာင္ထားတဲ့ ေရေတြကို ညစ္ညမ္းသြားေစ ႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။ မွန္မွန္ကန္ကန္ စနစ္တက် ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ထားမယ္ ဆိုရင္ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >negative effects </span>ေတြ ကို ေလ်ာ့ပါးေစ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <li>ေသာက္သံုးေရ ကို ညစ္ညမ္းေစႏိုင္တာ ကို ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ အတြက္ မလိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >unauthorized access </span>ကေန လံုျခံဳေအာင္ ကာကြယ္ ေပးရပါမယ္။ အျပင္လူ အလြယ္တကူ မဝင္ေရာက္ ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတားအဆီး ထား ေပးရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Contamination </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pollution </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ ေရကို ညစ္ညမ္းေစမႈ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး မျဖစ္ေအာင္ လည္း ကာကြယ္ေပးရပါမယ္။<br /><li>အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ မွာ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >materials </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li>ကြန္ကရစ္၊ ေက်ာက္တံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >concrete, stone, </span><li>ပလတ္စတစ္ ေတြျဖစ္ၾက တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >plastics [ polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP)], </span><li>ဖန္မွ်င္ ေတြနဲ႔ အားျဖည့္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >fiberglass, [ FRP/GRP (Glass-fiber Reinforced Polyester) ]</span><li>သံမဏိ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >steel (welded or bolted, carbon or stainless) </span>ေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။</ol><li>ေျမႀကီးကို တူးၿပီး ေရေလွာင္ထားတဲ့ ကန္ေတြ ကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >tanks </span>လို႔ ေခၚႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ( ျမန္မာျပည္ က ျမစ္ဝကြန္းေပၚ ေရငံေဒသေတြ မွာ တစ္ႏွစ္စာ အတြက္ မိုးေရေလွာင္ ဘို႔ ေတြ႕ရေလ့ရွိတဲ့ ေသာက္ေရကန္ မ်ိဳး ကိုေခၚတာ လို႔ ထင္ပါတယ္။။ ) သစ္သားနဲ႔ လုပ္တဲ့ စည္ေတြ လည္း အခ်ိဳ႕ႏိုင္ငံ (မေလးရွား၊ စကာၤပူ မပါ။) ေတြ မွာသံုးတာေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။<br /><li>အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ မွာ အသံုးမ်ားတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP (GRP) Tanks, Steel Tanks </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC Tanks </span>ေတြ ပါ။ မေလးရွားႏိုင္ငံ မွာေတာ့ ေသာက္ေရ သိုေလွာင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC Concrete tank </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >PE lining </span>ပါထည့္ေပး ရေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။<br /><li>အျမင့္ကို တင္ထားတဲ့ ေရကန္ (ေရစင္) ေတြ ကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Elevated Water Tanks </span>(သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water towers </span>လို႔ေခၚေလ့ရွိသလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High Level Cistern </span>လို႔လည္းေခၚတတ္ပါတယ္။ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ဖိအား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pressure </span>ရႏိုင္တဲ့ အျမင့္ မွာတင္ထား ခဲ့မယ္ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pressure boosting </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ မလိုအပ္ပဲ တန္းသံုးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >high level cistern </span>ကေနထုတ္ယူ သံုးစြဲ တာ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Gravity Feed </span>လို႔ ေခၚေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ အားျဖင့္ သံုးစြဲမဲ့ ေနရာအထက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >70 feet (21 m) </span>အျမင့္မွာ တင္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water tank </span>တစ္ခု က ေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >gravity feed </span>နဲ႔ေပးခဲ့ မယ္ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >static pressure 30 psig (~ 2.1 barg) </span> ေလာက္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒါက အိမ္သံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >domestic plumbing appliances </span>အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား အတြက္ လံုေလာက္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pressure </span>ပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water tank application </span>အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ ေတြ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >material </span>ေရြးတာတင္ မကပါဘူး။ ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားတဲ့ အခ်က္အခ်ိဳ႕လည္း လိုအပ္ေလ့ ရွိတတ္ပါတယ္။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water tank </span> ထားမဲ့ေနရာ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(indoors, outdoors, above ground or underground)</span><li>သိုေလွာင္ရမဲ့ ေရထုထည္ ပမာဏ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Volume of water tank will need to hold)</span><li>ဒီထဲက ေရကို ဘာအတြက္ အသံုးျပဳမွာလဲ။<li>ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ အပူခ်ိန္။ ေရခဲႏိုင္မဲ့ ေနရာ ဆို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insulation </span>လိုလာမယ္၊ ေနေရာင္ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိ လို႔ ႀကြတ္ေနေအာင္ ပူလာႏိုင္မဲ့ ေနရာဆို ထပ္ဆင့္ အမိုး လိုေကာင္း လိုမယ္။<li>ေရဖိအား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure requirements</span><li>ေရကို ဘယ္လိုသြင္းယူမွာလဲ။ ( <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Control Valve, Sensor operated valves, pumps, etc.)</span><li>ဘယ္လို ထုတ္ေပးမွာလဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Gravity, Via Pump, etc.)</span><li>မုန္တိုင္း၊ ေလျပင္းဒါဏ္၊ ငလ်င္ဒါဏ္ ခံႏိုင္ရည္ ရွိဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေနရာေတြ အတြက္လား။ ဒါဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wind and Earthquake design considerations </span> ထည့္သြင္း ေပးရ ပါမယ္။</ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >GRP </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Glass-fiber Reinforced Polyester </span>တစ္ခုထဲ ကိုပဲ အတိုေကာက္ ေခၚတဲ့ အမည္ ကြဲ ေတြပါ။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > material </span>မွာ အထူးသတိ ထားရမဲ့ အခ်က္ ကေတာ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ကို ျဖည့္ဆီးေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >material quality </span>ပါပဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manufacturer </span>တစ္ခုထည္း မွာေတာင္ မွ ဒီဇိုင္း ကို လိုက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >quality </span>က ကြာျခားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui Tank </span>က ဘယ္လို ဆိုထားလဲ ဆိုရင္.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"<span style="color:magenta;">All Water Tanks Are <span style="color: red;">NOT</span> Created Equally</span>!" <br /><li>နာမည္ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui </span> လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Tanks Manufacturer </span> အမ်ားစု က လူေတြ လက္ခံႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >material quality </span>ကိုေပးႏိုင္ ေပမဲ့ အခ်ိဳ႕ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Manufacturer </span> က ၿပီးစလြယ္ ထုတ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Poor Quality Tank </span>ေတြ က ခနေလးနဲ႔ ပ်က္စီးတာ၊ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Quality </span>ကို ထိခိုက္ေစတာ မို႔ မေလးရွား ႏိုင္ငံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >KL </span>တစ္ဝိုက္ ကို ေရျဖန္႔ျဖဴးေပးတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >S Y A B A S </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >2005-2006 </span>ဝန္းက်င္ေလာက္ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Tank </span>ေတြကို သံုးစြဲ ခြင့္ (ယာယီ) ပိတ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီေနာက္ ထုတ္လုပ္သူေတြ က ၁၀ႏွစ္ အနည္းဆံုး အာမခံ ေၾကာင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >10 Years Warranty </span>ပါ တင္ျပ မွပဲ ျပန္လက္ခံမယ္ လို႔ ဆိုခဲ့ပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Components of a Water Tank</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"> <li>အတန္အသင့္ ႀကီးမားတဲ့ ေရကန္ တစ္ခုမွာ ပါဝင္ရေလ့ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >components </span>အစိတ္အပုိင္း ေတြ ကို ေအာက္ကပံု မွာေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SJbZoMA0mVI/AAAAAAAAAHE/sMnMn3-DwpM/s1600-h/WaterTank-Sample.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SJbZoMA0mVI/AAAAAAAAAHE/sMnMn3-DwpM/s400/WaterTank-Sample.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5230607301680077138" /></a><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank </span>တစ္ခု မွာ ပါဝင္ရမဲ့ အဓိက အစိတ္အပိုင္း ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Inlet</span> (ေရဝင္ေပါက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Outlet </span>(ေရထြက္ေပါက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Overflow </span>(ေရလွ်ံ ေပါက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Drain </span>(ေရေဖာက္ထုတ္ ေပါက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Vent </span>(ေလဝင္၊ ေလထြက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Access Manhole (Hatch) ( </span>အဖံုး (သို႔) လူဝင္ေပါက္)<br /><br>အျခား လိုအပ္ႏိုင္တာ ေတြ ကေတာ့။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Warning </span>(အသိေပးပိုက္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cat Ladders </span>ေလွခါး (အတြင္း၊ အျပင္၊)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Level Indicators </span>(ေရမွတ္)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Partitions</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Balancing Pipe</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">if partitioned / compartmented</span>)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Level Sensors / Electrodes</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sampling Pipes</span></ol><br /><li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Components </span>ေတြ ကို စဥ္းစားတဲ့ အခါ အသံုးျပဳမဲ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ နဲ႔ တြဲ စဥ္းစားေပးရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Inlet </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ball Float Valve </span>ပါဝင္ခဲ့မယ္ ဆိုရင္ သူ႕ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >maintenance </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီအခါ မွာ ေရကို မထိခိုက္ေစပဲ လြယ္လြယ္ ကူကူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >maintenance </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manhole </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Inlet </span>နဲ႔ ကပ္လ်က္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >adjacent panel </span>ျဖစ္ဘို႔ လိုပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manhole </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Internal Cat Ladder </span>ကို တည့္တည့္ ရွိေနမွ ေအာက္ကို ဆင္းလို႔ လြယ္ကူပါမယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manhole </span>ကို ဖြင့္ထားတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cad Ladder </span>(သို႔) သြားမဲ့ လမ္းေၾကာင္း ကို ပိတ္ပစ္သလို မျဖစ္သြား ေအာင္ ဖြင့္မဲ့ ဘက္ကို လည္း စဥ္းစားရပါမယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manhole </span>ထားဘို႔ အသင့္ေတာ္ဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Panel </span>ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Corner </span>ပါ။<li>ေရေတြ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >stagnant </span>သိပ္မျဖစ္ပဲ ညီညီမွ်မွ် စီးသြားႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Inlet </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Outlet </span>ႏွစ္ခု <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Diagonally Opposite </span>ျဖစ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Vent Opening </span>က အျမင့္ဆံုးမွာ ရွိရမယ္။ ဒါမွ ေရအတြက္အက် ျဖစ္တဲ့ အခါ ေလကို အသြင္းအထုတ္ လုပ္ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Harmful gas accumulation </span> ကိုလည္း ကာကြယ္ႏိုင္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Drain/ Scour </span>က အနိမ့္ဆံုး မွာရွိရမယ္။ ဒါမွ ေရ အားလံုး ကုန္ေအာင္ ေဖာက္ထုတ္ႏိုင္မယ္။</ol> စသည္ျဖင့္.... ေပါ့။<br /></ul><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;" >Level of Components </span>(လိုအပ္တဲ့ အစိတ္အပိုင္း ေတြရဲ့ အျမင့္ သတ္မွတ္ ေနရာခ်ထားျခင္း။)</b><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရကန္ တစ္ခုရဲ့ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အစိတ္အပိုင္း ေတြရဲ့ အျမင့္ေတြ ကို သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အစီအစဥ္ ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sguzl7KvZBI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/KfPjqrbLV6M/s1600-h/ME-WT-SK01-LVL.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 309px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sguzl7KvZBI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/KfPjqrbLV6M/s400/ME-WT-SK01-LVL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335555647669756946" /></a><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >INLET LEVEL: </span>ကန္ထဲ ကို ေရဝင္ လာမဲ့ အေပါက္ရဲ့ ေအာက္ေျခအမွတ္ ကို ေခၚတာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Float Valve </span>ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ သူ႔ရဲ့ ထြက္ေပါက္ရဲ့ အနိမ့္ဆံုး အမွတ္ ကိုေခၚရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >OVERFLOW LEVEL: </span>အဓိက ကေတာ့ ကန္ထဲကေရ နဲ႔ အဝင္ပိုက္ က ေရ၊ တိုက္ရိုက္ မထိရေအာင္ ကာကြယ္ေပးဘို႔ အတြက္ ေရလွ်ံက်ေစဘို႔ပါ။ အရြယ္အစား အားျဖင့္ အဝင္ပိုက္ထက္ အနည္းဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >One Size-up </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >50% </span>ေလာက္ထိ ပိုႀကီးထား ေပးရပါတယ္။ (အဝင္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure </span>မ်ားရင္ မ်ားသေလာက္ အားေကာင္းႏိုင္ေပမဲ့ အထြက္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >gravity flow </span>မို႔ အရြယ္တူရင္ ဝင္သေလာက္ လွ်ံထြက္ႏိုင္မွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။) အျမင့္ဆံုး အမွတ္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Inlet Level </span>ထက္နိမ့္ရမွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >warning pipe </span>ထက္ ၂ လက္မ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(50mm) </span>ေလာက္ ျမွင့္ထားေပးရပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >WARNING LEVEL: </span>ေရလွ်ံက်ေတာ့ မဲ့ အေၾကာင္း အသိေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ ပါ။ အခ်ိန္မီ အဝင္ ကို ပိတ္ေပးရင္ ေရ မဆံုးရႈံး ရဘူးေပါ့။ ေရကန္အႀကီးေတြ မွာ ထည့္ေပးရေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ ေရကန္ငယ္ ေတြ မွာ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Overflow pipe </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >warning pipe </span>ပါပဲ။ ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Top water level </span>ထက္ ၁ လက္မ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(25mm) </span>ေလာက္ ျမွင့္ထားေပးရပါတယ္။<br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >U P C </span> မွာေတာ့ ဝင္လာတဲ့ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Flowrate</span> ကိုမူတည္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Overflow Pipe Sizes</span> ေတြ ကို အခုလို သတ္မွတ္ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="42%">Maximum Capacity of Water Supply Line to Tank (<span style="color: magenta;">gpm</span>)</td><td style="" width="28%">Diameter of Overflow Pipe (<span style="color: magenta;">inches</span>)</td></tr><tr><td style="">0 - 50</td><td style="text-align: right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="">50 - 150</td><td style="text-align: right;">2½</td></tr><tr><td style="">150 - 200</td><td style="text-align: right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="">200 - 400</td><td style="text-align: right;">4</td></tr><tr><td style="">400 - 700</td><td style="text-align: right;">5</td></tr><tr><td style="">700 - 1,000</td><td style="text-align: right;">6</td></tr><tr><td style="">Over 1,000</td><td style="text-align: right;">8</td></tr></tbody></table>For SI: 1 <span style="color: magenta;">inch</span> = 25.4 <span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>, 1 <span style="color: magenta;">gallon per minute</span> = 3.785 <span style="color: magenta;">L/m.</span></span><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >T.W.L (TOP WATER LEVEL): </span>အျမင့္ဆံုး ထိန္းသိမ္းသိုေလွာင္ ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေရမွတ္ပါ။ အရံသိုေလွာင္ ရတဲ့ <span style="color: magenta;" >Fire Protection Storage Tanks</span> ေတြမွာဆို သူ႕ကို ပံုမွန္ေရမွတ္ <span style="color: magenta;" >NORMAL WATER LEVEL</span> လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။ ဒီေရမွတ္ ေရာက္ရင္ ေရအဝင္ ကိုပိတ္ေပး ရပါမယ္။ ဝင္လာမဲ့ ေရကို မလွ်ံက်ခင္ အလိုအေလ်ာက္ ပိတ္ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Float-operated valve (or) adjustable valve (or) pilot operated valve </span>(သို႔) အျခားသင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ နည္းလမ္း တစ္ခုခု ကိုသံုးေပးရပါမယ္။ လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ ျပင္ဆင္ လဲလွယ္ ႏိုင္တဲ့ ပစၥည္း ျဖစ္ဘို႔လည္း လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >L.W.L (LOW WATER LEVEL): </span>ေရကန္ က အနိမ့္ဆံုး ထိန္းသိမ္းသိုေလွာင္ ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေရမွတ္ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>မဟုတ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >gravity outlet </span>ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water tank </span>အတြက္ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Outlet Level </span>ကို ေခၚပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>အတြက္ဆိုရင္ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump </span>ကလက္ခံႏိုင္တဲ့ အျမင့္ ကို ေခၚပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >OUTLET LEVEL: </span>ေရထြက္ေပါက္ ရဲ့ ေအာက္ေျခမွတ္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေသာက္သံုးေရကန္ ေတြဆို အနည္အႏွစ္ ေတြ မပါဘို႔ အတြက္ ကန္ေအာက္ေျခ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ ကေန ၃<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >-</span>၄ လက္မ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(75 to 100mm) </span>ေလာက္ ျမွင့္ထား ေပးရပါတယ္။ <br /><li><span style="color: magenta;" >DRAIN / SCOUR LEVEL: </span>ကန္ထဲ ကေရေတြ ကို အကုန္လံုး ေဖာက္ထုတ္ဘို႔ အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေရထုတ္ေပါက္ ပါ။ လြယ္လြယ္ ကူကူ ေဖာက္ထုတ္ ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ ကန္ရဲ့ ေအာက္ေျခ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >drain </span>ရွိတဲ့ ဘက္ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sloped </span>ခပ္ေျပေျပ ေလွ်ာေစာက္ လုပ္ေပးရပါတယ္။ ေရကန္ရဲ့ ေရရွိတဲ့ ေနရာ ရဲ့ အနိ္မ့္ဆံုး အမွတ္ပါ။<br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >U P C </span> မွာေတာ့ သိုေလွာင္ထားႏို္င္မဲ့ ေရပမာဏ<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank Storage Capacity</span> ကိုမူတည္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Drain Pipe Sizes</span> ေတြ ကို အခုလို သတ္မွတ္ ထားပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="42%">Tank Capacity (gallons)</td><td style="" width="28%">Drain Pipe (inches)</td></tr><tr><td style="">Up to 750</td><td style="text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="">751 to 1,500</td><td style="text-align: right;">1½</td></tr><tr><td style="">1,501 to 3,000</td><td style="text-align: right;">2</td></tr><tr><td style="">3,001 to 5,000</td><td style="text-align: right;">2½</td></tr><tr><td style="">5,000 to 7,500</td><td style="text-align: right;">3</td></tr><tr><td style="">Over 7,500</td><td style="text-align: right;">4</td></tr></tbody></table>For SI: 1 <span style="color: magenta;">inch</span> = 25.4 <span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>, 1 <span style="color: magenta;">gallon</span> = 3.785 <span style="color: magenta;">L</span>.</span><br /></ol><br /><li>ဒီ အျမင့္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ ကို ေနရာခ် ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Panel Tank </span>တစ္ခု အတြက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Ref: </span>စကာၤပူ) မွာ ဒီလို ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။ <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgvrwmSqEuI/AAAAAAAAAa8/Onqb-sNRoZY/s1600-h/ME-WT-SK03-LVL.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgvrwmSqEuI/AAAAAAAAAa8/Onqb-sNRoZY/s400/ME-WT-SK03-LVL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335617403695534818" /></a><br /><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="2" width="80%"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;" width="25%">Inlet - <b><span style="color: red;">d</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="" width="6%">20</td><td style="" width="6%">25</td><td style="" width="6%">30</td><td style="" width="6%">40</td><td style="" width="6%">50</td><td style="" width="6%">65</td><td style="" width="6%">100</td><td style="" width="6%">150</td><td style="" width="6%">200</td><td style="" width="6%">300</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left;">Overflow<br>Minimum <b><span style="color: red;">D</span></b>(<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="">25</td><td style="">30</td><td style="">40</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">65</td><td style="">100</td><td style="">150</td><td style="">200</td><td style="">300</td><td style="">500</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left;">Minium <b><span style="color: red;">Z</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td><td style="">50</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></ul><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;" >Coordination with Architecture & Structure</span></b><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><b><span style="color: red;" >Space Coordination </span> : ေနရာလ်ာထား သတ္မွတ္ျခင္း၊</b><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Space for Access Manhole Openings (min 3ft (or) 900mm. Clear) </span> ကန္ အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Manhole </span>(လူဝင္ေပါက္) ကိုသြားႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ အနည္းဆံုး ၃ေပ၊ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">For Panel Tanks: Parameter Maintenance Access (2 ft (or) 600mm Net min.), and Bottom of the Tank (2 ft (or) 600mm Net min.)</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"> Panel Tanks: </span> ေတြ တပ္ဆင္ဘို႔ နဲ႔ ျပဳျပင္ထိန္းသိမ္း ႏိုင္ဘို႔အတြက္ ေဘးပတ္ပတ္လည္ မွာ အလြတ္ သက္သက္ အနည္းဆံုး ၂-ေပ စီ။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SI_5DVGWDBI/AAAAAAAAAG0/9kbiXa5W7HY/s1600-h/WT_OMSpace01.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SI_5DVGWDBI/AAAAAAAAAG0/9kbiXa5W7HY/s400/WT_OMSpace01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5228671527999114258" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SI_5DlV4E0I/AAAAAAAAAG8/pLChOp7-IgE/s1600-h/WT_OMSpace02.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SI_5DlV4E0I/AAAAAAAAAG8/pLChOp7-IgE/s400/WT_OMSpace02.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5228671532359226178" /></a><br /><li>တကယ္လို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Manhole </span>(လူဝင္ေပါက္) ကေဘးဘက္မွာ ထားရမယ္ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Manhole </span> အ႐ြယ္ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >750</span><span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>(၂-ေပခြဲ) x <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >750</span><span style="color: magenta;">mm</span> (၂-ေပခြဲ) ေလာက္ထားရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >600</span><span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>(၂-ေပ) x <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >600</span><span style="color: magenta;">mm</span> (၂-ေပ) ဆိုရင္ အဝင္အထြက္ အလြန္ခက္ လို႔ပါ။ ဒီအခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">Freeboard </span> လိုအပ္ခ်က္က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1,200</span><span style="color: magenta;">mm</span> (၄-ေပ) ေလာက္ျဖစ္သြားပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg05fAxOtlI/AAAAAAAAAc0/4X3BOEzDd_s/s1600-h/ME-WT-SK05-LVL.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg05fAxOtlI/AAAAAAAAAc0/4X3BOEzDd_s/s400/ME-WT-SK05-LVL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335984338449118802" /></a><br /><li>ဒါ့အျပင္ သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ ေနရာမွာ ခ်ထားေပးဘို႔၊ စဥ္းစားရမဲ့ အခ်က္ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Plumbing System </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pressure Requirements</span> <li>ျပဳျပင္ထိန္းသိမ္း ဘို႔ အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maintainability Access</span><li>အေပၚ၊ ေအာက္၊ ေဘးမွာ ရွိတဲ့ အခန္းေတြ နဲ႔ တတ္ဆင္ မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Services</span> ေတြ (<span style="color: magenta;">to check if there is any contamination source</span>)</ol><br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Structural Impacts</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Structural Load </span>တြက္တဲ့ အခ်ိန္ မွာ ေရကန္ေတြ ရွိတဲ့ ေနရာ ကို အထူး သတိထား ဦးစားေပး စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။ ေရရဲ့ အေလးခ်ိန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Load) </span>က မ်ားလို႔ ပါ။ ဥပမာ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Unit Area (1 m²) </span>နဲ႔ စဥ္းစားမယ္ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >1m Height </span> ေရထု ရွိတဲ့ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >weight </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >9.81kN/m² </span>ရွိပါတယ္။ <li>ဒါ့အျပင္ ေရကန္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >I-Beam </span>ေတြ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC Plinth </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Support </span>လုပ္ရတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >more concentrated load </span>ျဖစ္သြားပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ကန္ျမင့္လာေလ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Structure Design </span>က ရႈတ္ေထြးလာေလ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ (<span style="color: magenta;">ဒါေၾကာင့္ ကန္ရဲ့ အျမင့္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Structural Engineer </span>နဲ႔ မေဆြးေႏြးပဲ ေျပာင္းလို႔ မရေၾကာင္း အမွတ္ရေစ လိုပါတယ္။</span>)</ul><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;" >Tank Storage Capacity </span>တြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း၊</b><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>တကယ္သံုး လို႔ရမဲ့ ေရပမာဏ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Capacity </span>လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။ သူ႔ကို ရဘို႔ အတြက္ ပထမ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Height </span>ကို တြက္ ယူရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Top Water Level Low Water Level </span>ႏွစ္ခုၾကားက အျမင့္ပါ။<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">Effective Height </span>= <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >T.W.L</span> – <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >L.W.L</span><br><br /><li>ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >T.W.L </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >L.W.L </span>အမွတ္ႏွစ္မွတ္ ၾကားမွာ ရွိေနတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water volume </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >effective capacity </span>လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Uniform Tank Internal Area </span>ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: magenta;">Effective Vol </span>= <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank Internal Area</span> x <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Height </span><br><br /><li>အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ ေရလွ်ံ ဆံုးရႈံးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High Level </span>ထက္ေက်ာ္လာတဲ့ အေျခအေန နဲ႔ ေရျပတ္လပ္မဲ့ အေျခအေန ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Level </span>ေအာက္ ေရာက္သြားတဲ့ အေျခအေန ေတြ မွာ အသိေပး ႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Alarm </span>ကိုလည္း ထည့္သြင္း ထားေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။<br /><br><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Domestic Water Storage Tank</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>စကာၤပူ ႏိုင္ငံ မွာ တြက္ခ်က္ေလ့ ရွိတဲ့ ပံုကို အေပၚမွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ ပံုစံ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Simplify </span>လုပ္မယ္ ဆိုရင္ <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0Vi81boXI/AAAAAAAAAb8/-IfIlQMipzw/s1600-h/ME-WT-SK04-LVL.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0Vi81boXI/AAAAAAAAAb8/-IfIlQMipzw/s400/ME-WT-SK04-LVL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335944823693877618" /></a><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="70%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="30%"><b><span style="color: red;">d</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="" width="20%">100</td><td style="" width="20%">150</td></tr><tr><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">i</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="">142</td><td style="">178</td></tr><tr><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">a</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="">440</td><td style="">530</td></tr><tr><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">b</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="">515</td><td style="">605</td></tr><tr><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">c</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)= <b><span style="color: red;">H</span></b>-<b><span style="color: red;">b</span></b> - <b><span style="color: magenta;">75 </span></b></td><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">H</span></b> - <b><span style="color: magenta;">590</span></b></td><td style=""><b><span style="color: red;">H</span></b> -<b><span style="color: magenta;"> 680</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီဇိုင္း အစ နဲ႔ ေနရလ်ာထားဘို႔ တြက္ခ်က္တဲ့ အခါ အၾကမ္းအားျဖင့္ <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Water Height (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>)</span> = <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank Height (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>)</span> – <span style="color: red;">0.7</span> <span style="color: magenta;">m</span><br>&nbsp; နဲ႔ယူေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။<br /><li>ဒီမွာ သံုးထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Float Valve </span>ရဲ့ နမူနာ ကို ေလ့လာ ခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ <a href="http://www.tycowaterworks.com/Resources/pdfs/E_Float%20Valves_www.pdf" target="_blank" title="EBCO Ball Float Valve...">EBCO Ball Float Valve</a> ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Download </span>လုပ္ယူပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pilot-Controlled-Valve </span>ကို ေတာ့ <a href="http://www.singervalve.com/Products/LevelControl/106f5206f5.html" target="_blank" title="Singer Valves – Float Control..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Singer Valves: Non-Modulating Float Control Valve</span> </a> မွာ ေလ့လာ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Floatless Level Controller</span> အသံုး နမူနာ ေတြကိုေတာ့ <a href="http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp" target="_blank" title="Omron..."><span style="color: magenta;">Omron</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Automatic Water Supply and Drainage Control</span> </a> မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Download Product Brochure</span> ကို ႏွိပ္ၿပီး ရယူႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Pump Suction Tanks</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump </span>ေတြ ေရစုတ္ယူ တဲ့အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Level </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Suction Pipe </span>က အရမ္း နီးလာရင္ အေပၚက ေလကို ပါဆြဲစုတ္ပါတယ္။ ေလဆင္ႏွာေမာင္း အေသးစား ပံုစံ မ်ိဳးပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>ေရထဲမွာ ေလခိုလာရင္ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cavitation</span></a> လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Impeller </span>ကိုဒုကၡေပးမဲ့ အျဖစ္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာပါတယ္။ ဒီအေၾကာင္းအေသးစိတ္ ကို သိခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Intake Basin Design </span>နဲ႔ပတ္သက္တဲ့ စာအုပ္ေတြ ကိုရွာေဖြ ဖတ္ရႈ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><a href="http://www.lightmypump.com/help11.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Help for calculating the minimum submersion to avoid vortex formation at the pump suction tank</span></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg4N3dkUKZI/AAAAAAAAAc8/sWqSoDWDdc4/s1600-h/ME-WT-vortex_formation.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 292px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg4N3dkUKZI/AAAAAAAAAc8/sWqSoDWDdc4/s400/ME-WT-vortex_formation.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336217854961527186" /></a></ul><br /><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >vortex </span>ျဖစ္ေပၚၿပီး ေနာက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air bubbles </span>ေတြပိုက္ထဲ ဝင္လာႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Level </span>အထိမက် ခင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump </span>ကို ရပ္ရပါမယ္။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Level </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Level </span>လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction Tank </span>ေတြကို တြက္တဲ့ အခါ ဒီအခ်က္ ကိုပါထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားေပးေစလိုပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Fire Protection System Storage Tank (for Pump Suction)</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fire Protection </span>အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့၊ အမွန္တကယ္ သံုးလို႔ ရႏိုင္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Capacity </span>ကို ေရပမာဏ ကို တြက္ခ်က္တဲ့ အခါ အထက္ က ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>အတြက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ ကို သတ္မွတ္ထည့္သြင္း ေပးထားတတ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >vortex inhibitor </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >vortex </span>ကို ေလ်ာ့နည္းေစႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fitting </span>က ိုသံုးဘို႔လည္း အားေပး ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီလို သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္ ပံုေတြ ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။(<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ref: <span style="color: magenta;">BS 5306: Part 2 : 1990</span></span>)<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQGL-mNI/AAAAAAAAAbE/LlinsQjn9sc/s1600-h/ME-WT-EC_A.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQGL-mNI/AAAAAAAAAbE/LlinsQjn9sc/s400/ME-WT-EC_A.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335882927135693010" /></a><br /><li><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQCIMDEI/AAAAAAAAAbM/nn3eoH_xSwo/s1600-h/ME-WT-EC_B.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQCIMDEI/AAAAAAAAAbM/nn3eoH_xSwo/s400/ME-WT-EC_B.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335882926046055490" /></a><br /><li><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQCVrYjI/AAAAAAAAAbU/RQsXf_btjvY/s1600-h/ME-WT-EC_C.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQCVrYjI/AAAAAAAAAbU/RQsXf_btjvY/s400/ME-WT-EC_C.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335882926102635058" /></a><br /><li><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQWw8ulI/AAAAAAAAAbc/HisW-58-iVs/s1600-h/ME-WT-EC_D.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzdQWw8ulI/AAAAAAAAAbc/HisW-58-iVs/s400/ME-WT-EC_D.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335882931585727058" /></a></ol><li>မွတ္ခ်က္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Provision of Sump </span>လုပ္ေပးတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Capacity </span>ကို တိုးေစပါတယ္။ ဘာလို႔လဲ ဆိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >tank </span>ရဲ့ အေျခက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Water Level </span>ျဖစ္ႏိုင္လို႔ပါပဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">A</span></b> = Distance between Low Water Level and Highest Point of Water Entry into the pipe </span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">B</span></b> = Distance between the base of the Tank (or sump if provided) and Lowest edge of the Pipe (or the underside of vortex inhibitor if vortex inhibitor is fitted)</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">C</span></b> = Distance from the Wall to the nearest edge of the pipe bore (or nearest periphery of vortex inhibitor if vortex inhibitor is fitted)</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Table for Suction Size Inlet Clearance</span><table style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;" border="1" width="79%"><tbody><tr><td style="" width="25%">Normal Suction<br>Pipe Size <b><span style="color: red;">D</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="" width="18%">Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">A</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="" width="18%">Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">B</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td><td style="" width="18%">Dimension <b><span style="color: red;">C</span></b> (<span style="color: magenta;">mm</span>)</td></tr><tr><td style="">65</td><td style="">250</td><td style="">80</td><td style="">20</td></tr><tr><td style="">80</td><td style="">310</td><td style="">80</td><td style="">24</td></tr><tr><td style="">100</td><td style="">370</td><td style="">100</td><td style="">30</td></tr><tr><td style="">150</td><td style="">500</td><td style="">100</td><td style="">45</td></tr><tr><td style="">200</td><td style="">620</td><td style="">150</td><td style="">60</td></tr><tr><td style="">250</td><td style="">750</td><td style="">150</td><td style="">75</td></tr><tr><td style="">300</td><td style="">875</td><td style="">200</td><td style="">90</td></tr><tr><td style="">350</td><td style="">1,000</td><td style="">200</td><td style="">105</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><b>Tank Storage Capacity</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Symbol </span>ေတြကို ဒီလို သတ္မွတ္ရေအာင္။ (<span style="color: magenta;">အေပၚက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dimensions </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ သြား မေရာမိေစနဲ႔အံုး ေနာ။</span>)<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;"><b>A</b></span> = Internal Area<li><span style="color: red;"><b>d</b></span> = Internal Diameter<li><span style="color: red;"><b>L </b></span>= Internal Length<li><span style="color: red;"><b>W</b></span> = Internal Width<li><span style="color: red;"><b>H</b></span> = Effective Height</span></ul><li>တြက္ခ်က္ ပံု ကေတာ့ ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Volume </span>(ထုထည္) ကို ရိုးရိုးေလး တြက္ အေျဖ ရွာရ တာပါပဲ။ သိထားရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Unit Conversions </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>1 <span style="color: magenta;">m³</span> = 1,000 <span style="color: magenta;">L (liters)</span><li>1 <span style="color: magenta;">ft³</span> = 7.48 <span style="color: magenta;">gal (U.S gallon)</span><li>1 <span style="color: magenta;">ft³</span> = 6.23 <span style="color: magenta;">igal (U.K Imperial gallon)</span><li>1 <span style="color: magenta;"> gal (U.S gallon)</span> = 0.833 <span style="color: magenta;">igal (U.K Imperial gallon)</span></ul><li>တြက္ပံုတြက္နည္းေတြ ကို ေအာက္မွာ ဆက္လက္ ေဖာ္ျပ ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><b>I.P</b> (USCS) Units<br><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>Capacity (<span style="color: magenta;">gal</span>) =[ A (<span style="color: magenta;">ft²</span>) x H(<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) ] x 7.48 (<span style="color: magenta;">gal/ft³</span>)<li><span style="color: red;">For Rectangular Tank Capacity </span> (<span style="color: magenta;">gal</span>) = 7.48 x L(<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) x W(<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) x H (<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) <li><span style="color: red;">Cylindrical Tank Capacity </span> (<span style="color: magenta;">gal</span>) = 0.25 x π x d(<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>)² x H (<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) x 7.48<br> (<span style="color: green;">OR</span>) 5.875 x d(<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>)² x H (<span style="color: magenta;">ft</span>) <li>To get imperial (UK) gallon (<span style="color: magenta;">igal</span>), multiply (<span style="color: magenta;">US gal</span>) by <span style="color: red;">0.833</span>(<span style="color: magenta;">I gal / US gal</span>) </ul></span><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><b>S.I</b> Units<br><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>Capacity (<span style="color: magenta;"> m³</span>) = [ A (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) x H(<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) ]<li><span style="color: red;">Rectangular Tank Capacity</span>(<span style="color: magenta;">m³</span>) = L(<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) x W(<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) x H (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>)<li><span style="color: red;">Cylindrical Tank Capacity </span> (<span style="color: magenta;"> m³</span>) = 0.25 x π x d(<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>)² x H (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) <br> (<span style="color: green;">OR</span>) 0.7854 x d(<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>)² x H (<span style="color: magenta;">m</span>) <li>To get liters (<span style="color: magenta;">L</span>), multiply (<span style="color: magenta;"> m³</span>) by <span style="color: red;">1,000 </span>(<span style="color: magenta;">L / m³</span>)</ul></span><br /></ul></ul><br /><li><b><span style="color: red;">Maintaining Water Quality</span></b><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >quality </span>ကို မထိခိုက္ေစဘို ႔ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြ ထဲ မွာပထမ ပါတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >back-siphonage (or) cross connection </span>ကို ကာကြယ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >back flow prevention </span>ပါ။ အဝင္ ပိုက္ဘက္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >contamination </span>ျပန္မသြား ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ ကေတာ့ အထက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >overflow pipe arrangement </span>က တာဝန္ယူပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ေရကန္ ကေန ေပးတဲ့ ဘက္မွာ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >good plumbing practices </span>အတို္င္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >appliances </span>ေတြ မွာ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >air gap / air break (or) back flow prevention devices </span>ပါရင္ပါ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Check valve</span> လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > back flow prevention devices </span> ေတြ မပါပဲ တိုက္ရိုက္ ဆက္လို႔ မရပါဘူး။ <li>ေသာက္သံုးေရ ေတြ အတြက္ အဓိက စဥ္းစားရတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >stagnant </span>(ေရေသ) ျဖစ္မေနဘို႔ပါ။ ေရအဝင္ နဲ႔ အထြက္ ကို ေဝးေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >diagonally opposite </span>ထားေပးျခင္း အားျဖင့္ ေရကို ပံုမွန္လည္သြားေအာင္ လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီအခ်က္ ကို လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Code of Practices </span>အခ်ိဳ႕မွာ ထည့္သြင္းထားပါတယ္။ အသံုးနည္းတဲ့ ေနရာေတြ မွာ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ ေရေသ ေတြ ကို ေဖာက္ထုတ္ လဲလွယ္ ေပးရ ႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ <li>အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >potable water storage tank </span>(ေသာက္ေရကန္) ေတြ ေဆာက္တဲ့ အခါ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ က အညစ္အေၾကး ေတြ စိမ့္ဝင္မလာဘို႔ အထူးသတိ ထားရပါတယ္။ ကန္ရဲ့ အေပၚမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Drainage / Sewerage </span>ေရဆိုး ပိုက္ေတြ၊ ထြက္ေပါက္ေတြ နဲ႔ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Contamination Sources</span> တစ္ခုမွ မရွိရပါဘူး။ တစ္နည္းအားျဖင့္ ေျပာရရင္ အိမ္သာတို႔၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >kitchen </span>တို႔ ေအာက္တည့္တည့္ မွာ မျဖစ္ရပါဘူး။ (ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရင္ ေနာက္ထပ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC slab </span>အလႊာ တစ္ခု (သို႔) အားလံုးကို ကာမိမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >drain pan </span>ကိုသံုးရပါလိမ့္မယ္။)<li>ေသာက္ေရ နဲ႔ ေသာက္ေရ မဟုတ္တဲ့ ကန္ႏွစ္ခု ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Common wall </span>မသံုးရပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >R.C Tank </span>ဆိုရင္ ေျမႀကီးနဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေန တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lean concrete (or) retaining wall </span>ေတြ ကို တိုက္ရိုက္သံုးခြင့္ မရွိပါဘူး။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >wall / floor </span>နဲ႔ၾကားမွာ ေရျဖတ္ မစီးႏိုင္ေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >small air gap (or) perforated material </span>ၾကားခံၿပီး သီးသန္႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >wall layer </span>သတ္သတ္ကို ေဆာက္ေပးရပါမယ္။ <li>ေရႀကီးႏိုင္တဲ့ ေနရာ၊ ေရစိမ့္ဝင္ ႏိုင္တဲ့ ေနရာေတြ မွာ လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >potable water tank </span>(ေသာက္ေရကန္) မထားသင့္ပါဘူး။ <br /><li>ေရမစိမ့္ထြက္ေစဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water proofing </span>ကလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >R.C tank </span>ေတြအတြက္ အဓိက အေရးပါ ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water tank </span>က အေရးႀကီးတဲ့ အခန္းတစ္ခုခု ရဲ့ အေပၚေရာက္ ေနရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water proofing layers </span>သာမက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >double layer slabs </span>ေတြ ကိုပါ ထည့္သြင္းေပးရ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water tank </span>ရဲ့ အမိုးမွာ ေရမစိမ့္၊ မဝပ္ေန ရေအာင္ ဂရုစိုက္ ရတဲ့ အျပင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Access Manhole </span>ကေန ေရစိမ့္ မဝင္ေအာင္ ပါ ဂရုစိုက္ရပါမယ္။<br><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/ShtcLg7XIYI/AAAAAAAAAeA/DezDpZ79MLk/s1600-h/ME-WT-SK06-LVL.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/ShtcLg7XIYI/AAAAAAAAAeA/DezDpZ79MLk/s400/ME-WT-SK06-LVL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339963136065085826" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC Tank </span>ေတြမွာ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Penetration </span> ပိုက္ေတြ ေဘးကေန ေရယိုစိမ့္ တာကို တားဆီးေပးဘို႔ နဲ႔ ေရရဲ့ တြန္းအား ကို ခံႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Puddle Flange </span>ကို ထည့္ေပးရပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Puddle Flange </span>သံုးရျခင္း အေၾကာင္းရင္းေတြ ကေတာ့၊<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ေရစိမ့္တာ ကို တားဘို႔ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >To provide water barrier when a pipe passes through a concrete wall of a water retaining structure.)</span><li>ေရတြန္းအား ကို ခုခံေပးဘို႔၊ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >To act as a thrust flange when enclosed within a concrete wall, for example, a valve pit.)</span><li>ဒီလို သံုးဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >puddle flanges </span> ေတြကို စက္ရံု မွာ တပ္ဆင္ ထုတ္လုပ္ ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pipes</span> ေတြရဲ့ အရည္အေသြး က ပိုေကာင္း ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >It is recommended that puddle flanges are factory fitted onto pipes.</span>)<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Puddle Flange </span>နမူနာ ပံုတစ္ခု ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/ShtcL021mMI/AAAAAAAAAeI/LFwG77rFb4w/s1600-h/ME-WT-PF01.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/ShtcL021mMI/AAAAAAAAAeI/LFwG77rFb4w/s400/ME-WT-PF01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339963141414820034" /></a></ul><br /><li>အတန္သင့္ႀကီးမားတဲ့ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >SS CP48: Storage Capacity : 5 cu.meter </span> ထက္ႀကီးတဲ့) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water tank </span>ေတြမွာ လိုအပ္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >maintenance </span>ေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >repair </span>(ျပင္ဆင္ဘို႔)၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >cleaning </span>(သန္႔ရွင္းေရးလုပ္ဘို႔) ေတြ အတြက္ လည္း အခန္း ႏွစ္ခန္းခြဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(compartmented) </span>၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ႏွစ္ကန္ခြဲ (<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Series of Tanks</span>) လုပ္ေပးရပါတယ္။ ႏွစ္ကန္႔လံုးမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Inlet, outlets, overflow, warning, manhole, ladders </span>အစရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >components </span>ေတြ သီးသန္႔ ပါဝင္ေလ့ ရွိၿပီး ပံုမွန္ အေျခအေန မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >water level </span>ႏွစ္ခုကို ထိန္းညိွေပးမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >balancing pipe </span>ကိုထည့္သြင္းေပးရပါတယ္။<br /><li>အင္းဆက္ ပိုးမႊားေတြ မဝင္ႏိုင္ေအာင္၊ ျခင္ဝင္မဥ ေအာင္၊ ေပါက္လာတဲ့ ျခင္ေတြ မထြက္လာ ႏိုင္ေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Vent & Overflow Opening </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Corrosion-Resistant Screen </span>ခပ္စိတ္စိတ္ နဲ႔ အုပ္ေပး၊ ကာေပး ထားရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Singapore SS CP48 </span>အရ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Corrosion-resistant mosquito-proof netting of aperture size not exceeding 0.65 mm </span>ျဖစ္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >U P C </span>မွာ သတ္မွတ္ထားတာ အရ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >not less than 16 by 20 mesh per inch (630 by 787 mesh per m) </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Screen </span>လုပ္ထားေပး ရပါမယ္။<br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Design to Install Panel Tanks</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Tank </span>မွာပါတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Panels </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Components </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Web </span>ေပၚမွာ ေလ့လာခ်င္ရင္ ေတာ့ ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manufacturer </span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone </span> ( နာမည္ႀကီး ကားတာယာေတြ လည္း ထုတ္လုပ္သူ) ကိုရည္ညႊန္း လိုက္ပါတယ္။<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/" target="_blank" title=" Bridgestone Water Supply Systems..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Water Supply Systems</span> </a><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/features.html" target="_blank" title="Bridgestone Tank Features..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Tank Features</span></a><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/tankconfig.html" target="_blank" title="Bridgestone Tank Configuration..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Tank Configuration </span></a>: ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >page </span>ရဲ့ ေအာက္ဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Accessories </span>ေအာက္မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Interactive Figure </span>တစ္ခု ပါပါတယ္။ အၾကမ္းဖ်ဥ္း သြားေရာက္ ေလ့လာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ol><br /><li>စကာၤပူ မွာ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridge Stone </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui </span>အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။ မေလးရွား ႏိုင္ငံ ကထုတ္တာေတြ ကိုလည္း သံုးတာ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.sps-int.com/content/5sekisui_frame.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui Water Storage Tanks, Japan</span></a></ol><br /><li>မေလးရွားႏိုင္ငံ မွာ အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manufacturers </span>ေတြကေတာ့<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.hong-fatt.com.my/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hong Fatt, Water Tank Manufacturer, Malaysia </span></a><li><a href="http://www.sunnik.com.my/index.htm" target="_blank"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Steelworks Engineering, Water tank manufacturer and supplier, Malaysia</span></a></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >U.S </span>လို ေျမေနရာ ေပါတဲ့ ေဒသ မွာေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cylindrical Tank </span>ႀကီးေတြ အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Manufacturers </span> အခ်ိဳ႕ကို ေအာက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပ ေပးထား ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >U.S Manufacturers</span>ေတြက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Literature </span>ေတြ စံုစံုလင္လင္ ေပးထားေလ့ ရွိတာမို႔ သြားေရာက္ေလ့လာ ေစလိုပါတယ္။ <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.watertanks.com/watertanks/" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >American Tank Co., Inc., U.S.A</span></a><br /><li><a href="http://www.aquastore.com/stainless-steel-water-tanks.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aquastore Tanks , Engineered Storage Products Company, U.S.A</span></a><br /><li><a href="http://www.bhtank.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BH Tanks Inc., U.S.A</span></a><br /><li><a href="http://www.rosenwachgroup.com/rosenwachtank/rosenwachtank.asp" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rosenwach Tank Inc.</span></a>: ဒီ ကုမၸဏီ က<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wooden Tanks </span>(သစ္သားစည္) ေတြကိုပါ ထုတ္လုပ္ ေပးပါတယ္။</ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Panel Tanks </span>ေတြက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP </span>အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Metric Tanks : 4m (1m x 4), 16 ft (4</span>’ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >x 4) </span> ေလာက္ အထိပဲ ထုတ္လုပ္ တပ္ဆင္ ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ခံႏိုင္ရည္ ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္မလားပဲ။ ဒီထက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Height </span>ပိုတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank </span>ေတြက ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Steel Tank </span>ကိုသံုးရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Panel Tank </span>အခ်ိဳ႕ရဲ့ ပံုကို ေအာက္မွာေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။<br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Typical Steel Tank</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SguxgixqjPI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/brKM_HXnFZE/s1600-h/ME-WT-ISO01_St.gif"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 285px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SguxgixqjPI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/brKM_HXnFZE/s400/ME-WT-ISO01_St.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335553356199529714" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Typical Galvanised Epoxy Coated Tank </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sguxg4x3X9I/AAAAAAAAAaA/Xn7yCKhUqRI/s1600-h/ME-WT-ISO02_GI.gif"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sguxg4x3X9I/AAAAAAAAAaA/Xn7yCKhUqRI/s400/ME-WT-ISO02_GI.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335553362105950162" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Typical SMC/FRP Tank</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SguxhA7a9FI/AAAAAAAAAaI/E85PyKAQqOg/s1600-h/ME-WT-ISO03_GRP.gif"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 284px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SguxhA7a9FI/AAAAAAAAAaI/E85PyKAQqOg/s400/ME-WT-ISO03_GRP.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335553364293514322" /></a></ul><br /><li>တပ္ဆင္ မႈ အဆင့္ဆင့္ ကေတာ့ အၾကမ္းအားျဖင့္<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >RC Foundations</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Steel Skids</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Install Panels & Components</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Leak Test</span></ol><br /><li>ေရဖိအား ဒါဏ္ခံႏိုင္ဘို႔ အထဲ မွာ က်ားကန္ ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >bracing steel rods </span>ေတြ ထည့္သြင္း ေပးထားရပါတယ္။ <li>စာေရးသူ အလုပ္စလုပ္ ခါစ ေလာက္တုန္းက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Tank </span>ဆင္တာကို ပထမဆံုး ျမင္ဘူးခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank </span>က အႀကီးႀကီး၊ ၿပီးေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bolt & nut </span>ေတြ ကလည္းအမ်ားႀကီး တပ္ရမွာ မို႔ အေတာ္ၾကာမယ္ လို႔ထင္ခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ တစ္ရက္၊ ႏွစ္ရက္ေလာက္ မွာျပန္သြားၾကည့္ေတာ့ ၿပီးေနပါၿပီ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Power Tools </span>ေတြရဲ့ စြမ္းအားကို အဲဒီမွာ စ သတိျပဳမိ ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bolt & nut </span>တစ္ခုစီ ကို တက္ေတာက္တက္ေတာက္ ခြ နဲ႔ က်ပ္ရမယ္ လို႔ထင္ခဲ့ မိတာကိုး။<li>ကန္ေတြ က ဆင္ၿပီးခါစ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Leak Test </span>လုပ္ရင္ ယိုတာပါပဲ။ အရင္တုန္းက စာေရးသူ က ဆင္တဲ့သူ ကို ေမးခြန္းတစ္ခု ေမးဘူးပါတယ္။<br>“<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Are you sure that there will be no leak?</span><br>“<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >I can guarantee you there will not be no leak? If no leak, it is not we, who install them</span>…”<br>မယိုရင္ ငါတို႔ေၾကာင့္ မဟုတ္ဘူး တဲ့။ မွန္ပါတယ္။ ၿပီးမွ ယိုတဲ့ ေနရာေတြ နား တစ္ဝိုက္ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >bolt & nut </span>ကိုျပန္ လိုက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >tighten </span>လုပ္ေပးမွ အယိုရပ္ သြားတာပါ။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ ေတာ့ ယိုခဲပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui Plant Systems Co., Ltd </span>တပ္ဆင္မႈ အေသးစိတ္ ေဖာ္ျပထားတဲ့ <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?sharekey=1696c126f9384c7cd1014a7a667fa2b41081fa9c05f7df42b8eada0a1ae8665a" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 65);" >"<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui Plant Systems Co. Ltd – Tank Installation Manual </span>" ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pdf </span> ေျပာင္းၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >mediafire </span> မွာ တင္ေပးထားပါတယ္။</span></a><br /><br><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Panel Tank </span>တစ္ခု၏ အတြင္းပိုင္း ျမင္ကြင္း (၁)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzzkskufrI/AAAAAAAAAb0/BBL1e9hsH8U/s1600-h/ME-WT-IN-01.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzzkskufrI/AAAAAAAAAb0/BBL1e9hsH8U/s400/ME-WT-IN-01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335907470293237426" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Panel Tank </span>တစ္ခု၏ အတြင္းပိုင္း ျမင္ကြင္း (၂)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sgzzkf_tpTI/AAAAAAAAAbs/zu1tIERWhYo/s1600-h/ME-WT-IN-02.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sgzzkf_tpTI/AAAAAAAAAbs/zu1tIERWhYo/s400/ME-WT-IN-02.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335907466916767026" /></a><br /><li>က်ားကန္ေပးထားေသာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bracing Rods </span>မ်ား။<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzzkWBoaGI/AAAAAAAAAbk/RydP4oHk--g/s1600-h/ME-WT-IN-03.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SgzzkWBoaGI/AAAAAAAAAbk/RydP4oHk--g/s400/ME-WT-IN-03.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335907464240457826" /></a><br /><br><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Galvanized Steel Panel Tank </span>တစ္ခု အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Steel Skid </span>ဆင္ေနပံု။<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0fvQhKwbI/AAAAAAAAAcs/WbUGtFk904k/s1600-h/ME-WT-F01.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0fvQhKwbI/AAAAAAAAAcs/WbUGtFk904k/s400/ME-WT-F01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335956030252302770" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Galvanized Steel Panel Tank </span>တစ္ခု အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Panel </span> စတင္ တပ္ဆင္ေနပံု။<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0fvMzpb1I/AAAAAAAAAck/Syh7S91en5Q/s1600-h/ME-WT-F02.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0fvMzpb1I/AAAAAAAAAck/Syh7S91en5Q/s400/ME-WT-F02.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335956029256068946" /></a><br /><li>ၿပီးစီးသြားေသာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Galvanized Steel Panel Tank </span> [<span style="color: red;">For Fire Protection Services</span>]<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0foiANicI/AAAAAAAAAcc/38Ra9U6peMw/s1600-h/ME-WT-F03.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/Sg0foiANicI/AAAAAAAAAcc/38Ra9U6peMw/s400/ME-WT-F03.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335955914686826946" /></a><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Standard Specifications</b></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank </span>ေတြ က အေရးႀကီး တာ မို႔ တိုးတက္တဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံတိုင္း လိုလိုမွာ လိုက္နာရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Standard Specificatioins</span>ေတြ ကို ေဖာ္ျပထားေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >FRP Tank </span>အတြက္ ဆိုရင္ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><a href="http://www.singaporestandardseshop.sg/product/productView.aspx?id=3b852937-f4e3-44b3-a177-997908fda81b" target="_blank" title="Singapore Standard Shop..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Singapore Standard <span style="color: red;"> SS 245 : 1995</span> Glass reinforced polyester sectional water tanks</span></a><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >British Standard <span style="color: red;">BS EN 13280:2001 </span> Title Specification for glass fibre reinforced cisterns of one-piece and sectional construction, for the storage, above ground, of cold water</span><li><a href="http://www.awwa.org/index" target="_blank" title="Visit AWWA..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">AWWA</span> American Water Works Association</span></a> ကလည္း လိုက္နာရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AWWA Standards </span>ေတြ ကို သတ္မွတ္ေပးထားပါတယ္။</ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Review</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Water Depth (Height) </span> ကို ဘယ္လိုတြက္ မွာလဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Effective Capacity </span>ကို အျမန္ဆံုး ဘယ္လိုတြက္ မွာလဲ ေရာ သိၿပီလား။<li>ဆင္ရ လည္း လြယ္ေအာင္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maintenance </span>လည္း လြယ္လြယ္ ကူကူ လုပ္လို႔ ရေအာင္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေနရာကို ဘယ္လိုလ်ာထား ရမွာလဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank Assembly </span>ကို ျဖန္႔ခ်တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Assembly Drawing </span>က ဘယ္လိုလဲ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Most Economy </span>ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ဘယ္လို အခ်ိဳး ( <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >L x W x H ) </span>ကိုေရြးခ်ယ္သင့္သလဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Tank </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Suction </span>အတြက္ ဘာေတြ သတိထားရမလဲ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Components </span>ေတြ ကို ဘယ္လို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Arrange </span>လုပ္မလဲ။</ol><br /><br /></ol><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>References:</b></span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide</span>, <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><i>The Institute of Plumbing, UK</i></span><li><span style="color: magenta;">International Plumbing Code</span> , <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><i>International Code Council </i></span><li><i><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Singapore Standard Code of Practice</span></i> - <span style="color: red;"> CP: 48</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Code of Practice for Water Services</span><li><i><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >British Standard </span></i> <span style="color: red;">BS 5306: Part 2 : 1990</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Design of Automatic Sprinkler Systems<br /></span></ol><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Web-Links</b></span><span style="font-size: 90%"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wiki - Water Tank</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tank" target="_blank" title="View wiki..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Wiki - Water Tank</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tank</span> ]</a><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cavitation</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation</span> ]</a></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pump Intake</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.lightmypump.com/help11.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Help for calculating the minimum submersion to avoid vortex formation at the pump suction tank</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.lightmypump.com/help11.html</span> ]</a><li><a href="http://www.gouldspumps.com/pag_0007.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Intake System Design by ITT Goulds</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.gouldspumps.com/pag_0007.html</span> ]</a></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank Manufacturers, Japan</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridge Stone Water Tanks</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/" target="_blank" title=" Bridgestone Water Supply Systems..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Water Supply Systems </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/features.html" target="_blank" title="Bridgestone Tank Features..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Tank Features</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/features.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/tankconfig.html" target="_blank" title="Bridgestone Tank Configuration..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Bridgestone Tank Configuration </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/construction/water_supply/tankconfig.html</span> ]</a></ol><br /><li><a href="http://www.sps-int.com/content/5sekisui_frame.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sekisui Water Storage Tanks, Japan</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.sps-int.com/content/5sekisui_frame.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/?sharekey=1696c126f9384c7cd1014a7a667fa2b41081fa9c05f7df42b8eada0a1ae8665a" target="_blank" title="Mediafire Download"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Download Tank Installation Manual at MediaFire</span> <br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.mediafire.com/?sharekey=1696c126f9384c7cd1014a7a667fa2b41081fa9c05f7df42b8eada0a1ae8665a</span> ]</a><br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank Manufacturers, U.S.A </span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.watertanks.com/watertanks/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >American Tank Co., Inc., U.S.A</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.watertanks.com/watertanks/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.aquastore.com/stainless-steel-water-tanks.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Aquastore Tanks , Engineered Storage Products Company, U.S.A</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.aquastore.com/stainless-steel-water-tanks.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.bhtank.com/" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BH Tanks Inc., U.S.A</span>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.bhtank.com/</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.rosenwachgroup.com/rosenwachtank/rosenwachtank.asp" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rosenwach Tank Inc.</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.rosenwachgroup.com/rosenwachtank/rosenwachtank.asp</span> ]</a></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Water Tank Manufacturers, Malaysia</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.hong-fatt.com.my/index.html" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hong Fatt, Water Tank Manufacturer, Malaysia </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.hong-fatt.com.my/index.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.sunnik.com.my/index.htm" target="_blank" title=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Steelworks Engineering, Water tank manufacturer and supplier, Malaysia</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.sunnik.com.my/index.htm</span> ]</a></ol><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ball Float Valve / Level Controllers</span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><a href="http://www.tycowaterworks.com/Resources/pdfs/E_Float Valves_www.pdf" target="_blank" title="View wiki..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >EBCO Ball Float Valve</span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.tycowaterworks.com/Resources/pdfs/E_Float Valves_www.pdf</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.singervalve.com/Products/LevelControl/106f5206f5.html" target="_blank" title="Singer Valves – Float Control..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Singer Valves: Non-Modulating Float Control Valve </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.singervalve.com/Products/LevelControl/106f5206f5.html</span> ]</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp" target="_blank" title="Omron..."><span style="color: magenta;">Omron</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Omron: Floatless Water Level Controllers </span><br>[ <span style="color: magenta;" >http://www.omron-ap.com/product_info/61F/index.asp</span> ]</a><br /></ol><br /></ul><br /></span><br /><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4321275198138785707-1038475776315325187?l=chawlwin.blogspot.com'/></div>ကိုေခ်ာhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06255605825756727495ko_chaw@yahoo.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4321275198138785707.post-54968668643207682062009-03-07T00:09:00.103+08:002009-03-29T22:06:13.245+08:00ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot & Humid Climage မိတ္ဆက္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ပူျပင္းၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>မ်ားတဲ့ ရာသီဥတု ရွိတဲ့ ေဒသေတြ က အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ ကို ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Challenges </span>က ေအးေအာင္ လုပ္ရံုတင္ မဟုတ္ေတာ့ ပါဘူး။ စြတ္စိုထိုင္းမႈိင္းမႈ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>နဲ႔အတူကပ္ပါလာတဲ့ ျပႆနာ ေတြ ကို ပါ ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။ ဟုိတယ္ခန္း က ေမြ႕ရာေအာက္မွာ ေရဝပ္ေနတာ၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >wall paper </span>ေနာက္မွာ ေရခိုေနတာ၊ မိႈစြဲ ေနတာ၊ ၾကမ္းပိုးထူတာ၊ ေဆြးေျမ႔တာ၊ ေအာက္သက္သက္ အနံ႔ ဆိုးထြက္ေနတာ စတဲ့ ျပႆနာ ေပါင္းစံု ပါ။ အထူးသျဖင့္ အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ အတြက္ ဒီ အေၾကာင္းအရာ က အေရးပါ ပါတယ္။<li>စာေရးသူ တို႔ အေနနဲ႔ ဒီ ေဒသေတြ အတြက္ ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္တဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity </span>ကို အထူး သတိထား ဂရုစိုက္ ရေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ အတိမ္းအေစာင္း သိပ္မခံ တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High-Tech Production Factories </span>ေတြ မွာ ပိုၿပီးဂရုစုိက္ ရပါတယ္။ ဒီအေၾကာင္း ကို ေလ့လာလည္း ေလ့လာ အသံုးလည္း ခ် ေနစဥ္ မွာပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Seminar</span> တစ္ခု တက္ဘို႔ အခြင့္အေရး ရတာ နဲ႔ သြားတက္ျဖစ္ ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ “<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >New & Existing Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates</span>” ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေဟာေျပာသူ က ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE president 2006-07</span> တာဝန္ ယူခဲ့ဘူးသူ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mr. Terry E. Townsend, (P.E., Fellow ASHRAE) </span>ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </ul><span id="fullpost"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>မၾကာေသးခင္ က ဒုတိယအႀကိမ္ ျဖည့္စြက္ ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ ထုတ္ေဝတဲ့ <a href="https://eweb.ashrae.org/eweb//DynamicPage.aspx?Site=ASHRAE&WebKey=69c74d61-facd-4ca4-ad83-8063ea2de20a&listwhere=prd_description%20LIKE%20'%2590442%25'or%20prd_online_abstract%20LIKE%20'%2590442%25'" target="_blank" title="Visit ASHRAE Publication Store...">“<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot & Humid Climates</span>”</a> ကို အေျခခံၿပီး ေဟာေျပာတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနရာကေတာ့ စကၤာပူ ႏိုင္ငံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >BCA Acamedy </span>မွာပါ။ ဒုတိယ ပိုင္းမွာ ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >NUS </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Professor </span>တစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Professor S.K. Chou </span>ကေနၿပီး “<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Enhancement of the Envelope Thermal Transfer Value Criterion for Improved Energy Performance of Buildings</span>” အေၾကာင္းကို ဆက္လက္ ေဟာေျပာပါတယ္။ (ဒီအေၾကာင္းကိုေတာ့ ေနာက္တစ္ပါတ္ မွာ ဆက္လက္ တင္ျပေပးပါမယ္။)<li>ဒီတစ္ပါတ္ မွာ ေတာ့ ဒီလို ပူျပင္းစြတ္စို တဲ့ ရာသီဥတု ရွိတဲ့ ေဒသ က အေဆာက္အအံု အားလံုး အတြက္ အေျခခံ စဥ္းစားရမဲ့ အခ်က္ ေတြ ကို ျခံဳငံု တင္ျပမွာပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >North America </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >mold </span>(မိႈတက္တဲ့မိႈ) ကို ေရွ႕ေနေတြ ေပးထားတဲ့ နာမည္ က ေငြ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(money) </span>ပါတဲ့။ ဆိုလိုတာ က မိႈတက္တာ ေတြ႕လို႔ ကေတာ့ သူတုိ႔ ဂြင္၊ ေငြတြင္း နဲ႔ တူတဲ့ အမႈေတြ ရမွာ ျဖစ္လို႔ ပါတဲ့။<br /></span></ul><br /><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li> <span style="color: red;"><b>The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot & Humid Climates</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ပထမ အႀကိမ္ရိုက္ႏွိပ္ စဥ္ က စာအုပ္ ကိုေတာ့ ဖတ္ရႈေလ့လာ ဘူးပါတယ္။ လက္ရွိ ဒုတိယ အႀကိမ္ မွာေတာ့ ပထမ အႀကိမ္ ထက္ သံုးဆေလာက္ ပိုထူလာတာ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ ဖတ္ၾကည့္ဘို႔ အခြင့္အေရး ေတာ့ မရေသး ပါဘူး။<li>ဒီစာအုပ္ရဲ့ အညႊန္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >keyword </span>ေတြ ကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Moisture </span>(အစုိဓာတ္)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, mold </span>(မိႈတက္)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, humidity </span>(စိုထိုင္းဆ)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, dehumidification </span>(စိုထိုင္းဆ ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ျခင္း)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, sustainability </span>(ေရရွည္တည္တံ့ ႏိုင္မႈ)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, energy reduction </span>(စြမ္းအင္အသံုး ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ျခင္း) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, moisture management </span>(စြမ္းအင္ စီမံခန္႔ခြဲျခင္း)<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >, hot and humid climates </span>(ပူျပင္းစြတ္စိုေသာ ရာသီဥတု) ေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<table><tr><td><br /><a href="https://eweb.ashrae.org/eweb//DynamicPage.aspx?Site=ASHRAE&WebKey=69c74d61-facd-4ca4-ad83-8063ea2de20a&listwhere=prd_description%20LIKE%20'%2590442%25'or%20prd_online_abstract%20LIKE%20'%2590442%25'" target="_blank" title="Visit ASHRAE Publication Store..."><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 190px; height: 144px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/SbFNlh6KMQI/AAAAAAAAAXI/ssCi3ocNAtc/s400/bk-hhc2.jpg" border="0"></a><br> The expanded second edition of The <span style="color: green;"><EM>ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates</EM></span> triples the size of this popular reference, adding information on building enclosures, dehumidification, sustainability, mold avoidance, energy reduction, and much more—all tightly focused on the needs of owners, architects, and engineers who build and manage buildings in hot and humid climates. The book includes six chapters that discuss critical crosscutting issues for architecture, engineering, and building management along with eleven chapters of detailed and practical solutions to everyday problems in each area. This expanded second edition provides a richly illustrated summary of the state of the art in building science, moisture management, and techniques for reducing energy consumption in hot and humid climates, all based on real-world field experience as well as on recent ASHRAE research. The expanded second edition is written and illustrated by Lew Harriman, the lead author of ASHRAE’s well-known <EM>Humidity Control Design Guide</EM>, and by Joe Lstiburek, ASHRAE Fellow and the author of the irreverent and popular Building Science column in the <EM>ASHRAE Journal</EM>.<br><br /><STRONG>Related Products:</STRONG> <A href="https://eweb.ashrae.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site=ASHRAE&amp;WebKey=69c74d61-facd-4ca4-ad83-8063ea2de20a&amp;listwhere=(prd_etab_ext%20LIKE%20'%25174%25'%20AND%20prd_etab_ext%20LIKE%20'%2590421%25')">Humidity Control Design Guide</A><br>Format: Hard cover, 8.5" x 11"<br><STRONG>Keywords:</STRONG> moisture, mold, humidity, dehumidification, sustainability, energy reduction, moisture management, hot and humid climates<br /></td></tr><br /><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>Publisher: ASHRAE</td></tr><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>Year: 2009</td></tr><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>Author: Lewis G. Harriman, III, and Joseph W. Lstiburek</td></tr><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>Number of Pages: 316</td></tr><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>ISBN/ISSN: 978-1-933-742-43-4</td></tr><tr><td class=TableTextTXT>Sponsor: TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings</td></tr></table><br /></ul><br /><br /><li><span style="color: red;" ><b>Lstiburek's Guide to Solving IAQ Problems</b></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ဒီေဒသေတြ မွာ ရွိတဲ့ အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ မွာ ေတြ႕ရေလ့ ရွိတဲ့ အဓိက ျပႆနာ က ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ အေဆာက္အအံု အတြင္း က ေလရဲ့ သန္႔ရွင္းလတ္ဆတ္မႈ အရည္အေသြး ကို ထိန္းသိမ္းႏိုင္ဘို႔ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >IAQ </span>မေကာင္းလို႔ ျဖစ္လာမဲ့ ျပႆနာ ေတြ ကလည္း အမ်ားႀကီးမို႔ပါ။<li>ဒီ ဒုတိယ အႀကိမ္ စာအုပ္ မွာ ပူးတြဲေရးလာတဲ့ စာေရးသူ အသစ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Lstiburek </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >IAQ </span>ျပႆနာေတြ ကို ေျဖရွင္းဘို႔ လမ္းညႊန္ခ်က္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >If it smells </span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >it probably is bad</span><br>အနံ႔ရတယ္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ အဲဒါမေကာင္းတာ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Not everything that is bad smells</span><br>အားလံုးက အနံ႔ဆိုးတာ ေတြခ်ည္း မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone </span>လိုဓာတ္ေငြ႔ေတြ က အနံ႔အသက္ မရွိတဲ့ ဓာတ္ေငြ႔ေတြပါ။)<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Vent combustion sources</span><br>မီးေလာင္ေပါက္ကြဲ မႈရွိတဲ့ မီးဖို၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dryer, Engine </span>အစရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >combustion sources </span>ေတြ ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >vent </span>လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ ေလကို အေဆာက္အအံု ျပင္ပကို ထုတ္လႊတ္ ေပးဘို႔။ မဟုတ္ရင္ ေလထဲကို မီးေလာင္ၿပီး ထြက္လာတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >COx, NOx </span>နဲ႔ အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pollutant </span>ေတြ အခန္းထဲ စုလာပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Construct a tight enclosure</span><br>အေဆာက္အအံု ရဲ့ အကာအရံ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >enclosure </span>ေတြက ေလလံုေနဘို႔ လိုပါတယ္။ ဒါမွ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >moisture </span>မ်ားတဲ့ အျပင္ ကေလေတြ အထဲ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Infiltrate </span>(စိမ့္ဝင္) မလာမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Keep things form getting wet, hot or exposed to UV. Isolate those that do from occupants.</span><br>အရာဝတၱဳေတြ ကို ေရမထိေအာင္ (မစိုစြတ္ မေနေအာင္)၊ အပူ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >UV </span>ေတြ မထိေအာင္ ထားပါ။ ဒါေတြထိမဲ့ အရာဝတၱဳေတြ ကိုေတာ့ လူေတြနဲ႔ သီးသန္႔ ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ခြဲထားပါ။ <li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control indoor humidity</span><br>အခန္း ထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span> ကိုထိန္းပါ။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ဆိုတဲ့ေနရာ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Space Humidity </span>တင္မက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Surface Humidity </span>ပါ ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစား ေပးရပါမယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Maintain </span>“<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >stinky places/ things</span>” <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(eg. Bathrooms, kitchens, elevator shafts & trash chutes) under a negative pressure.</span><br>အနံ႔မေကာင္းတဲ့ ေနရာ၊ ပစၥည္းေတြ ရွိတဲ့ ေနရာ (ေရခ်ိဳးခန္း၊ အိမ္သာ၊ မီးဖိုေခ်ာင္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >elevator shafts </span>နဲ႔ အမိႈက္ပစ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >trash chutes, etc.) </span>ေတြကို မယ္။ (လံုေလာက္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Exhaust </span>ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >negative pressure </span>မွာ အၿမဲရွိေနေအာင္ ထိန္းထားေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Keep things & spaces clean</span><br>ေနရာ နဲ႔ ပစၥည္းေတြ ကို သန္႔သန္႔ရွင္းရွင္း ထားေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter for people not just equipment</span><br>စက္ပစၥည္းေတြ ကို သာမဟုတ္ ပဲ လူေတြ အတြက္ လည္း ေလကို သန္႔စင္ ေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>စစ္ေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilate for people, not just the building (Source control ventilation will handle the building)</span><br>အေဆာက္အအံု အတြက္ သာမဟုတ္ပဲ လူေတြ အတြက္ကိုလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ventilate </span>(ေလသန္႔သြင္း) ေပးပါ။ အေဆာက္အအံု အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Source control ventilation </span>က တာဝန္ယူ ပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Don't do stupid things to your building</span><br>သင့္အေဆာက္အအံု အတြက္ မိုက္မဲတဲ့ အျပဳအမူေတြ မလုပ္ပါနဲ႔။</ol><br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Improving Thermal Comfort</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>ဒီ အပူပိုင္းေဒသ ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>တက္ လာတာနဲ႔ အိုက္စပ္ မႈ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupant’s Comfort Level </span>က်ဆင္းလာတာ ကို အဓိကေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: magenta;" >Thermally Comfort </span>ျဖစ္တယ္ဆိုတာ ေအးစိမ့္ေနတာ ကိုဆိုလိုတာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ <span style="color: magenta;">Thermal Comfort</span> အေၾကာင္းကို အရင္ <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/10/hvac01design.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Systems: Introduction to Design</span></a> မွာ တင္ျပခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ ပိုၿပီး အေသးစိတ္ သိခ်င္ရင္ မွီျငမ္းစရာ ကေတာ့ <a href="http://www.ashrae.org/publications/" target="_blank" title="Visit ASHRAE Website..."> <span style="color: green;" > ASHRAE Standard 55</span>: <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em> </a> ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Hot & Humid Climate </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Thermal Confort </span>ကို ဘယ္လို ပိုေကာင္းေအာင္ လုပ္မလဲ ဆိုတာ ကို အခု ဆက္လက္ တင္ျပမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Key Suggestions</b></span><br>အဓိက အၾကံေပးခ်က္ ေတြ ကေတာ့<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li>အပူကူးမႈ နည္းေအာင္ ေကာင္းေကာင္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Insulation </span>လုပ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >enclosure </span>ေတြကို ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ပါ၊ ေဆာက္လုပ္ပါ။ ေန က လာတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Solar Heat </span>အပူနဲ႔၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Glare </span>(မ်က္စိ က်ိန္းေစတဲ့ အေရာင္ေတာက္ေတာက္) ေတြ ကို သက္သာရေအာင္ ကို ျပဴတင္းေပါက္ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >exterior shading </span>တပ္ဆင္ေပးပါ။ ျပဴတင္းေပါက္ အားလံုး ( အထူးသျဖင့္ အေနာက္ဘက္ မ်က္ႏွာမူထားတဲ့ ျပဴတင္းေပါက္ေတြ) ရဲ့ အရြယ္အစား ကိုေလွ်ာ့ခ်ပါ။ <li>အခန္းထဲ က အပူခ်ိန္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >23.3°C (74°F) </span>အထက္နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >26.1°C (79°F) </span>ေအာက္ ၾကားရေအာင္ ထားပါ။ <br>ဒီ အပူပိုင္းေဒသ ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>တက္ လာတာနဲ႔ အိုက္စပ္ မႈ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupant’s Comfort Level </span>က်ဆင္းလာတာ ကို အဓိက ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ <br><span style="color: magenta;" ><span style="color: red;" >Indoor Dew Point </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္မွာ ရွိေနေအာင္ ထိန္းထား ေပးပါ။</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Handling systems </span>ေတြကို ေလွ်ာ့သံုးမဲ့ အစား ပိုသံုးပါ။<br>ဒါမွ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >different/dynamic changing internal heat loads </span>ေတြနဲ႕ အနီးစပ္ဆံုး ကိုက္ညိွေပး ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဆိုလိုတာက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AHU </span>တစ္လံုးတည္း နဲ႔ ႏွစ္ထပ္ေပးမဲ့ အစား တစ္ထပ္ကို တစ္လံုး ေပးခဲ့ရင္ ပိုေကာင္း ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ေလကို ပို႔ရတာထက္ ေရ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(Chilled Water) </span>ကို ပို႔ရတာ က ပိုလြယ္ၿပီး ပိုလည္း သက္သာပါတယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္ ပိုုမိုရိုးရွင္းၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >operate </span>လုပ္ဘို႔အတြက္ ပိုလည္းသက္သာ၊ ပိုလည္း စိတ္ခ် ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <br><span style="color: magenta;">အနည္းဆံုး <span style="color: red;">တစ္ထပ္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AHU </span>တစ္လံုး </span> ေပးပါ။ </span></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Thermal Comfort ရဘို႔အတြက္ အေျခခံ အခ်က္မ်ား</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: red;">Shaded Windows</span>= <span style="color: magenta;">Improved Comfort & Reduced Glare</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Radiant Heat </span>ျဖာကူးမႈ နည္းပါးပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Glare </span>နည္းလာတာနဲ႔ မ်က္လံုး နဲ႔ မ်က္ႏွာေပၚ ကၾကြက္သား ေတြ တင္းမာ ရႈံ႕တြ တာကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ေပး ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး သက္ေတာင့္သက္သာ ရွိတဲ့ အျမင္ကို ပိုေကာင္းေစပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Peak Load </span> ကိုလည္း ေလွ်ာ့ခ် ေပးႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Less East & West Glass</span>= <span style="color: magenta;">Better Comfort</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>တိုက္ရိုက္က်လာတဲ့ ေနရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Solar Load </span>အမ်ားအျပား စုဝင္လာတာ ကို ကာကြယ္ေပးပါလိမ့္မယ္။ အာရွသား အမ်ားစုက မနက္ခင္း ခပ္ေစာေစာ ေန ကိုေတာ့ ႏွစ္သက္ၾကေလ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ေနျမင့္လာတာ နဲ႔ ဝင္လာမဲ့ အပူ ကလည္း မ်ားလာပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling systems </span>ေတြရဲ့ အရြယ္အစား၊ ရႈတ္ေထြးမႈ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operating cost </span>ကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ် ေပးႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: magenta;">Comfort </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Unlikely in </span>'<span style="color: red;">Glass Boxes</span>'<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>မွန္ေတြ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >well insulated wall </span>ထက္ ၅ ဆ ေလာက္ အပူပို သြင္း ေပးပါတယ္။<li>သက္ေတာင့္သက္သာ မရွိလို႔႔႔ ၿငီးတြား မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort complaint probability </span>ပိုမ်ားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mechanical Systems </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Construction, Operating and Maintenance Cost </span>ပိုမ်ားပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Tight, Well-constructed Exterior Walls </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Avoids </span><span style="color: magenta;" > Sharp Changes in Interior Conditions</span><br>ေလလံုေအာင္ ေသခ်ာ ေဆာက္ထားတဲ့ နံရံေတြက အခန္းထဲက အေျခအေန ကို ရုတ္တရက္ မေျပာင္းလဲ ေစပါဘူး။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>အခန္းထဲ က အပူခ်ိန္ အေျပာင္းအလဲ နည္းေစ ၿပီး သမမွ်တ ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Infiltration </span>ေလစိမ့္ ဝင္တာ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >mold </span>မိႈတက္တဲ့ ျပႆနာ ေတြ ကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ် ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">High Ceilings and Personal Fans </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Allow </span><span style="color: magenta;" > Low-cost Comfort</span><br><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Temperature Stratification </span>ကိုရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ideal Ceiling Height = 3.65m</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ideal Fan Blade Height = 3.0m</span></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">One Fan per Floor</span> = <span style="color: magenta;" > Better Comfort + Simpler Systems</span><br>အနည္းဆံုး တစ္ထပ္ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fan (AHU) </span>တစ္လံုး ထားေပးျခင္း အားျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>ကိုပိုေကာင္း ေစၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Systems </span>ေတြ ကိုလည္း ပိုမို ရိုးရွင္း ေစပါတယ္။<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupancy Schedules </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heat Load </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ အကိုက္ညီဆံုး ေပးႏိုင္ပါမယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Multiple Area </span>အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ေလအေျမာက္အမ်ား ကို ေပးရလို႔ ကုန္က်မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Cost </span>ကို သက္သာ ေစပါမယ္။</ul></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>HVAC Systems</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: magenta;">လူေတြရဲ့ ဝတ္စားဆင္ယင္ မႈ ကို လိုက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Design </span>ကိုလုပ္ပါ။</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Indoor Design </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >24ºC </span>ထားမဲ့ အစား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >26ºC </span>ထားၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point </span>ကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္မွာ ရွိေအာင္ လုပ္ပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>ေတြရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling Capacity </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Multiple-stages </span>အဆင့္ဆင့္ ထားပါ။ (သို႔မဟုတ္) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >modulating capability </span>ထည့္သြင္းေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Supply Air Stream </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Noise </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Chilling Effect </span>ကို ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupant </span>ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား က (သူတို႔ ကိုယ္တိုင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Control </span>မလုပ္ႏိုင္ပဲ) သူတို႔ အေပၚ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cold Air Direct Blow </span>လုပ္တာ ကို မႀကိဳက္ၾက တာေၾကာင့္မို႔ပါ။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Dry Ventilation Air</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Helps Avoid</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Temperature Swings</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dedicated Outside Air System</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">DOAS</span>) ဆိုတာ က လူေတြ နဲ႔ ေနရာ အလိုက္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Air </span>ကို အျခား <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >AC Equipments </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ မေရာပဲ သီးသန္႔ သန္႔စင္ ပို႔လႊတ္ ေပးတဲ့ စနစ္ ကိုေခၚတာပါ။<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point </span> ကိုေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္မွာ ရေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment </span>လုပ္ေပးရမွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span> နဲ႔လည္း ေလကို စစ္ ေပးရပါမယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling Equipment </span>ေတြ က လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity </span> ကိုဖယ္ဘို႔ အေအးဓာတ္ ကို အပို ခ်ပစ္ရမဲ့ အစား<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Load </span>ကိုပဲ ဂရုစိုက္ ရပါေတာ့မယ္။<li>အခန္းထဲ မွာ မႈိတက္တဲ့ ျပႆနာ ကို ေလ်ာ႔ပါးေစ ႏိုင္တာမို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >US </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dedicated Outdoor Air Dehumidification System </span>ေတြ က ေရပန္းစား လာပါတယ္။ မိႈ နဲ႔ ဘက္တီးရီးယား ပြားတာ ကို ဟန္႔တားႏိုင္ဘို႔ နဲ႔ လူေတြ ရဲ့ ႏွစ္သိမ့္မႈ ကို ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Federal Buildings </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dedicated Ventilation dehumidification equipment </span>ေတြသံုးဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >2003 </span>ခုႏွစ္ထဲ က ျပဌာန္း ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီ အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ မွာ အခန္းထဲ က ေလကို ရံုးသူ၊ ရံုးသား ေတြကေန ထုတ္လႊတ္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity </span>ကို စုတ္ယူ ရင္းနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point </span> ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္ မွာ ထိန္းထားႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ အျပင္က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >O/A</span> ေလကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point <span style="color: red;">10.0</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">50</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္ ရေအာင္ အၿမဲတမ္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment </span> လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Constantly Cold Coil</span> <span style="color: magenta;">also Dry Air Effectively</span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling Coil or Desiccant Dehumidifier controlled with a <span style="color: magenta;">humidistat</span> vs <span style="color: magenta;">thermostat</span></span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >VAV Systems with Constantly Cold Coil </span>အတြက္ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Supply Air Dew Point is Low enough (<span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F))</span><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Supply Air Dew Point </span>က သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Indoor Dew Point </span>ေအာက္မွာ ေရာက္ေနရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coil stays cold ထားရပါမယ္။</span><li>အေအးလြန္ သြားလို႔ လိုအပ္လာတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >re-heat </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >waste heat (refrig condenser or heat recovery wheel) </span>ကေနယူပါ။</ul></ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">Drier Air</span> Expands the <span style="color: magenta;">Comfort Range</span> in <span style="color: magenta;">Mixed Uses</span></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>လူေတြ ကို ရံဖန္ရံခါ မသက္မသာ ျဖစ္ေစတာ က အပူ ေၾကာင့္မဟုတ္ပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္။ အိုက္စပ္စပ္ ႀကီးျဖစ္ေနတာပါ။ ေလကို ပိုၿပီး ေျခာက္ေသြ႔ေအာင္ လုပ္ျခင္းအားျဖင့္ ဒီလို ဒုကၡ မ်ိဳး ကို ေလ်ာ့ပါးေစပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">Capacity Modulation</span> Avoids <span style="color: magenta;">Sharp Changes</span> </span>– <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Stop Overshooting <span style="color: magenta;">Desired Conditions</span></span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color:magenta;" ><span style="color: red;">Stop Oversizing</span> Cooling Equipment - Size <span style="color: red;">at</span> or <span style="color: red;">under</span> "Peak Load"</span><br>ဒီအေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္ ပူအိုက္တဲ့ ရာသီဥတု မွာ အေႏြးထည္ ေဆာင္ ဘို႔ အတြက္ ျဖစ္ေစတာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Peak Load </span>ဆိုတာက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operating hour </span>အခ်ိန္ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >99% </span>ေက်ာ္မွာ လိုအပ္တာထက္ ပိုေနပါၿပီ။ ဒါ့အျပင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Designer </span>က လိုရမယ္ရ ဆိုၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >10-20% </span>လည္း ထပ္ထည့္ ႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ ဒီလို အပိုထည္႔ထားတဲ့ အတြက္ လိုခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >temperature </span>ကိုေက်ာ္က်သြားတတ္ တာ ကို ထိန္းဘို႔ မလြယ္ေတာ့ ပါဘူး။ ရလဒ္ အေနနဲ႔ ကေတာ့ အရမ္းပူတာ နဲ႕ အရမ္းေအးတာ ၾကား အလ်င္အျမန္ ေျပာင္းေနတာပါပဲ။<br>ဒါေၾကာင့္ သင့္ေတာ္ရံု ပဲ ေရြးခဲ့မယ္ ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cost </span>ကို ခ်ေပးႏိုင္ရံု သာမက ပိုၿပီးလည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >comfort </span>ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Variable-Speed Motors (or) Multiple Stage of equipment Capacity</span><br>အေျပာင္းအလဲျမန္ေစတဲ့ ဖြင့္လိုက္ပိတ္လိုက္ (စက္ေတြကို) လုပ္ရမဲ့ အစား လိုအပ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Capacity </span>ရေအာင္ ညင္ညင္သာသာ ေလး ေျပာင္းေပး၊ ညိွေပး ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>ကို အမ်ားႀကီး ပိုေကာင္း ေစရံုသာမက ေစ်းလည္းခ်ိဳမဲ့ နည္းလမ္းပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Split Cooling Load between several pieces of equipments (vs) One Large Piece /component</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>စက္ႀကီးအႀကီး တစ္ခုအစား အေနေတာ္ေလးေတြ အခ်ိဳ႕ကို ေရြးတဲ့အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Load </span>အတက္အက် ကိုလိုက္ၿပီး သင့္ေတာ္သလို လိုက္တင္ေပးပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒီနည္းကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >equipment </span>နဲ႔ ေနရာပိုလိုတာ မို႔ အျခားေရြးစရာေတြ နဲ႔ယွဥ္ရင္ ေစ်းအႀကီးဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >most expensive</span> ျဖစ္ၿပီး ကုန္က်စရိတ္ ပိုလာမဲ့ နည္းပါ။ ဒါေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>ကိုပိုေကာင္းေစမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy use </span>လည္း အေတာ္ နည္းသြားမယ္။ ထိန္းသိမ္းစရိတ္ ပိုသက္သာေစမဲ့ အျပင္ ယံုၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရမႈ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(reliability) </span>လည္း ပိုေကာင္းလာမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Equipment </span>စက္ႀကီးအႀကီး တစ္ခုအစား အေနေတာ္ေလးေတြ အခ်ိဳ႕ကို ေရြးတဲ့အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Load </span>အတက္အက် ကိုလိုက္ၿပီး သင့္ေတာ္သလို လိုက္တင္ေပးပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒီနည္းကေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >equipment </span>နဲ႔ ေနရာပိုလိုတာ မို႔ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ ပိုလာမဲ့ နည္းပါ။ ဒါေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>ကိုပိုေကာင္းေစမယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy use </span>လည္း အေတာ္ နည္းသြားမယ္။ ထိန္းသိမ္းစရိတ္ ပိုသက္သာေစမဲ့ အျပင္ ယံုၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရမႈ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >(reliability) </span>လည္း ပိုေကာင္းလာမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ensure that a component in system responds to a humidstat control of dew point conditions</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling System </span>မွာဘာပဲျဖစ္ေနေန အခန္းထဲ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္မွာ ထိန္းထား ႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidistat </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >respond </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ အစိတ္အပိုင္း တစ္ခု သီးသန္႔ ထည့္ေပးထားဘို႔ လုိအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dedicated humidification equipment </span>မပါခဲ့ရင္ အခန္းထဲ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heat Load </span>နည္းလာတာ နဲ႔ အမွ် အေအးလြန္တာ ကို ထိန္းရင္း နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity </span>က မသက္မသာ ျဖစ္ေလာက္ေအာင္ ျမင့္ တက္လာ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။</ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;">Higher Velocity VAV Diffusers</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Avoid "<span style="color: magenta;">Cold Air Dumping</span>"</span> (use with non-sleeping areas)<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low velocities cause "<span style="color: magenta;"> Cold Air Columns</span>"</span><br><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High Velocity </span>နဲ႔ ေရြးခ်ယ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Loud Diffusers </span>ေတြက အိပ္ခန္းေတြ အတြက္ မသင့္ေတာ္ ေပမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >non-sleeping area </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Productivity </span>အတြက္ ေကာင္းက်ိဳး ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br />အသံၿငိမ္ ေနေအာင္ ေရြးခ်ယ္ထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Diffusers </span>ေတြမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Peak Design Flow </span>ကို အေျခခံ ထား ေလ့ရွိၾကတာ မို႔၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low Load Condition </span>မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Air Flow </span>က အရမ္းနည္းေန တတ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒါ က အခန္းထဲ က ေလနဲ႔ သမ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mixed </span>ျဖစ္ ရမဲ့ အစား "<span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cold Column</span>" ျဖစ္ေစၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupant </span>ဆီထိ ေရာက္ႏိုင္တာ မို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Comfort </span>ကို ထိခိုက္ေစႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Benefit to having "<span style="color: magenta;" >White Noise</span>" generation</span><br>ရံုးခန္းေတြ၊ ေက်ာင္းေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >High Velocity Diffuser </span> က ထြက္လာ တဲ့ အသံေတြ ေၾကာင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Low-Level </span>"<span style="color: magenta;" >White Noise</span>" ကိုျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ တိတ္ဆိပ္ လြန္း လို႔ သူမ်ားေတြ ေျပာဆိုေန သမွ် အကုန္ ေသခ်ာ ၾကားေနရလို႔ စိတ္ရႈတ္ ေနရမဲ့ အစား ကိုယ့္အလုပ္မွာ ကိုယ္ အာရံု စိုက္လာႏိုင္မဲ့ လူမႈေရး အက်ိဳးေက်းဇူး ကို ေပးပါတယ္။ လံုးဝ တိတ္ဆိပ္ေန တာ က အလုပ္လုပ္ေနတဲ့ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ အတြက္ မေကာင္းပါဘူး။</ul></ol><br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Managing Ventilation Air</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li>သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Outdoor Air </span> (<span style="color: magenta;">O/A</span>) ပမာဏ ကို လူေတြ အသက္ရႈ မဲ့ <span style="color: magenta;">Breathing Zone</span> အထိ ေရာက္ေအာင္ ပို႔ေပးရပါမယ္။ <span style="color: magenta;">Breathing Zone</span> ဆိုတာ ကေတာ့ လူေတြ ရွိတဲ့ အခန္း ေတြထဲမွာ ၾကမ္းျပင္ အထက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >3</span>" နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >72</span>" ၾကား (<span style="color: magenta;">75 & 1800</span>mm)၊ နံရံ (သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Fixed air-conditioning equipment </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >2</span> ft. (<span style="color: magenta;">600</span>mm) ထက္ေဝးတဲ့ ေနရာလို႔ သတ္မွတ္ ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Air </span>က သန္႔ရွင္းရမယ္။ ေျခာက္ေသြ႔ရမယ္။ အမိႈက္ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pollutants </span>ေတြ ကင္းစင္ရပါမယ္။</ul><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Key Suggestions</b></span><br>အဓိက အၾကံေပးခ်က္ေတြ ကေတာ့<br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation System</span> ကို <a href="http://openpub.realread.com/rrserver/browser?title=/ASHRAE_1/ashrae_62_1_2007_1280" target="_blank" title="View ASHRAE 62.1 Web Version..."><span style="color: green;" >ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality </span></a> နဲ႔ <span style="color: green;">ASHRAE 62.1 User Manual</span>ကို သံုးၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >size</span> လုပ္ ေရြးခ်ယ္ပါ။<li>အျပင္က ေလ (<span style="color: magenta;">O/A</span>) ရဲ့ <span style="color: magenta;">Dew point</span> က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F)</span> ထက္ပိုေနရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dehumidify</span> (<span style="color: magenta;">Dry</span>) လုပ္ေပးပါ။<li>အနည္းဆံုး <span style="color: magenta;">MERV-8</span> အဆင့္ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: magenta;">O/A</span> ကို စစ္ေပးပါ။ အေဆာက္အအံု က အမႈန္အမႊား မ်ားတဲ့ ေနရာ မွာ တည္ရွိေနခဲ့ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-11 </span>အဆင့္ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>နဲ႔ စစ္ေပးပါ။ အိုဇုန္း ပါဝင္ႏႈန္း မ်ားတဲ့ ေလဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Carbon Filter </span>(သို႔) အျခားသင့္ေတာ္ တဲ့ နည္းနဲ႔ အိုဇုန္း ကို စစ္ေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: magenta;">O/A</span> ကို လိုအပ္ တဲ့ ပမာဏ အတို္င္း ရေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Modulate</span> (ထိန္းညွိ) ေပး ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Cost </span>ကိုလည္းထိန္း၊ ေလေကာင္းေလသန္႔လည္း ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ အတြက္ လူဦးေရ အနည္းအမ်ား ကိုလိုက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Amount </span>ကို ေျပာင္းေပးႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ရွိႏိုင္မဲ့ လူဦးေရ ကို ႀကိဳတင္ ခန္႔မွန္းၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Timer </span>နဲ႔ ေျပာင္းတာျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >CO2 Sensor </span>ထည့္ၿပီး ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Motion sensor </span>နဲ႔ လူရွိမရွိ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >sense </span>လုပ္ၿပီး ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ လိုအပ္သလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >modulate </span>လုပ္ေပး ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။<li>ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ရင္ အလဟႆ ဆံုးရႈံးသြားမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Waste Energy </span> ေတြကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Recover </span>လုပ္ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cold & dry </span>ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >exhaust air </span>ေတြ က ေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >recover </span>လုပ္ ယူႏိုင္ ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible Heat </span> ကိုပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Recover </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heat Exchanger </span>ေတြ ရွိသလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Sensible </span> ေရာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Latent </span>ပါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >recover </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy (Enthalpy) Wheel </span>ေတြ လည္း ရွိပါတယ္။<br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Dehumidification and Air Cleaning</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Air </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Condition </span>လုပ္ရတာ က ေစ်းႀကီးပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ပူေႏြးစြတ္စုိ တဲ့ ရာသီဥတု ရွိတဲ့ ေဒသေတြ မွာ ပါ။ ဒီေဒသ ေတြ မွာ အခန္းထဲ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Pollutant </span>ေတြ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dilute </span>ျဖစ္ဘို႔ အျပင္ကေလ သြင္းရံု သက္သက္ နဲ႔ ရတာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ သင့္ေတာ္ေအာင္ သန္႔စင္ ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >dry </span>မလုပ္ခဲ့ ရင္ ေကာင္းက်ိဳးထက္ ဆိုးက်ိဳးကို ေတာင္ ပိုျဖစ္ေစ ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ အေဆာက္အအံု ပိုင္ရွင္ေတြ အတြက္ အျပင္က ေလကို သန္႔ေအာင္ စစ္ဘို႔၊ ေရေငြ႔ ဖယ္ဘို႔ နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Breathing Zone </span>အေရာက္ ပို႔ဘို႔ အတြက္ က ကုန္က်စရိတ္ သက္သာလွတာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ <br /><li>ဒီေဒသ ေတြ က အေဆာက္အအံု ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Air </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Load </span>ရဲ့ အခ်ိဳးအစား အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား ကို ယူထားပါတယ္။ အေဆာက္အအံု အမ်ားစု မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Total peak humidity load </span>ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >60% </span>ေလာက္ကို ယူထားတာ ပါ။ ဒီ အပူပိုင္းဇုန္ ေတြ မွာ တစ္ႏွစ္လံုး လိုလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity </span>ကလည္း မ်ားတတ္ပါတယ္။ ေဆာင္းတြင္း မွာ ေတာင္ အျပင္က ေလရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point </span>က လိုခ်င္တဲ့ <span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F) ထက္ ပိုေနတတ္ ပါေသးတယ္။ <br /><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ အျငင္းပြားစရာ အေျခအေန ေတြ ကို ျဖစ္ေပၚေစပါတယ္။ ဘယ္ေလာက္ ႏႈန္းနဲ႔ ေပးရမယ္ ဆိုတာ ကို အတိအက် သတ္မွတ္ ဘို႔ ကိစၥ က လည္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Engineer </span>ေတြ အေတာ္ သည္းညည္းခံ ရတဲ့ အျငင္းပြားမႈ ေတြ ပါ။ <br /><li>ဒါေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ရင္ <span style="color: magenta;">DOAS</span> သံုးဘို႔ တိုက္တြန္းတာပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Federal Buildings </span>ေတြ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dedicated Ventilation dehumidification equipment </span>ေတြသံုးဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >2003 </span> နဲ႔ အျပင္က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >O/A</span> ေလကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dew point <span style="color: red;">10.0</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">50</span>°F)</span> ေအာက္ ရေအာင္ အၿမဲတမ္း <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Treatment </span> လုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ့ အေၾကင္း အထက္မွာ တင္ျပခဲ့ ပါတယ္။<br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Designer </span>အေနနဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >DOAS </span>ကို မသံုးဘူး ဆိုရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity control </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >cooling system </span>ထဲမွာ ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားရမဲ့ အခ်က္ ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။ ဒါက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Designer </span>ရဲ့ ေရြးခ်ယ္ မႈ ဆိုခဲ့ ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling systems </span>ကို အျခားပံုမွန္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling systems </span>ေတြ နဲ႔ မတူပဲ ေသခ်ာ ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ေလက <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Cooling </span>လုပ္ဘို႔ မလိုခဲ့ ရင္ေတာင္ မွ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >dry </span>လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ စနစ္ မ်ိဳးကို ဒီဇိုင္း လုပ္ရ ပါမယ္။ အခန္းထဲ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Absolute Humidity (or Dew Point Temperature) </span>တက္လာရင္ ထိန္းႏိုင္ဘို႔ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidistat </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >respond </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ စနစ္ေတြ ထည့္သြင္းထားဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >energy saving </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >higher thermostat setting </span>လုပ္ထားတဲ့ အခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >cooling systems </span>သက္သက္ေတြ ပဲ သံုးခဲ့ ရင္ အခန္းထဲ မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >humidity </span>တက္လာၿပီး မိႈေတြ ပြားလာပါလိမ့္မယ္။ <br /><li>ေနာက္တစ္ခု ကေတာ့ အမႈန္အမႊား ေတြ ကိုသင့္ေတာ္ သလို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>ေတြ သံုးၿပီး စစ္ၿပီး မွ သြင္းဘို႔ ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>ေတြ ရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Efficiency </span>ကို <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Efficiency_Reporting_Value" target="_blank" title="View wiki..."><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE <span style="color: magenta;">MERV Rating </span></span> </a> နဲ႔ ျပႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ အေသးစိတ္ ကို <a href="http://www.pureairsystems.com/103_2.html" target="_blank" title="Visit pure air systems..."> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">MERV</span> Chart</span></a> မွာ ေလ့လာပါ။<br /><li><span style="color: green;" >ASHRAE Standard 62.1 </span> က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >O/A </span>ကို အနည္းဆံုး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-8 </span>အဆင့္ရွိတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>နဲ႔ စစ္ေပးဘို႔ တိုက္တြန္း ထားပါတယ္။ အျပင္မွာ ရွိတဲ့ ေလရဲ့ အမႈန္အမႊား ပါဝင္ႏႈန္း ကို လိုက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Commercial Building </span>အမ်ားစု သံုးၾကတာ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-8 </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-11 </span>ပါ။ ေဆးရံုလို အေဆာက္အအံု မ်ိဳးမွာ ေတာ့ ရံဖန္ရံခါ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Filter </span>အဆင့္ဆင့္ ခံထားရပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ၊ ပထမ အဆင့္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-8 </span>နဲ႔ အမႈန္အႀကီးေတြ ကိုစစ္ ၿပီး အႏၲရာယ္ေပး ႏိုင္တဲ့ အမႈန္ငယ္ ေလးေတြ ကို စစ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >MERV-13 </span>ကို ဒုတိယ အဆင့္ ခံတာမ်ိဳးပါ။<br /><li>ေျမျပင္ နားမွာ ျဖစ္ေပၚတဲ့ <span style="color: red;">Ground Level Ozone</span> အေၾကာင္းကို အရင္ <a href="http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2009/01/clean-air.html"> Clean Air </a> မွာတင္ျပခဲ့ ပါတယ္။ ဒီအိုဇုန္း က မီးခိုးျမဴ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >smog </span>ကိုျဖစ္ေစတာရယ္၊ လူေတြ ရဲ့ အသက္ရႈလမ္းေၾကာင္း ကို အႀကီး အက်ယ္ ဒုကၡ ေပးႏိုင္တာ ရယ္ ေၾကာင့္ ေလထဲမွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >0.08ppm (8 hour avg) or 0.12 (1 hour avg) </span>ထက္မေက်ာ္ ေအာင္ ဂရုစိုက္ဘို႔ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ေလထဲမွာ အိုဇုန္း ဒီထက္မ်ားတဲ့ ႏႈန္းနဲ႔ ပါလာရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >carbon filter </span>နဲ႔ စစ္ေပးရပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Ventilation Rate</b></span><br /><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation rate </span> နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး အသင့္ေတာ္ ဆံုး မွီျငမ္းစရာ ကေတာ့ <a href="http://openpub.realread.com/rrserver/browser?title=/ASHRAE_1/ashrae_62_1_2007_1280" target="_blank" title="View ASHRAE 62.1 Web Version..."><span style="color: green;" >ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality </span></a> ပါ။<br /><a href="http://openpub.realread.com/rrserver/browser?title=/ASHRAE_1/ashrae_62_1_2007_1280" target="_blank" title="View ASHRAE 62.1 Web Version..."><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 209px; height: 273px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LvmQKfk1C-4/ScNs20KOjLI/AAAAAAAAAXY/qngTDCrhTWo/s400/A62-1.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5315211674197593266" /></a><br /><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation Rates </span>ကို ႏွစ္ပိုင္း ခြဲထား ပါတယ္။ ပထမ တစ္ခု က ရွိေနႏိုင္တဲ့ လူေတြ အတြက္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ဒုတိယ ကေတာ့ အေဆာက္အအံု (ဥပမာ၊ ေကာ္ေဇာ) က ထြက္လာမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >contaminants </span>အေငြ႔ ေတြ ကို အားေပ်ာ့ စြန္႔ထုတ္ သြားေစ ဘို႔ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br> <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: magenta;">Ventilation Rates</span>= <span style="color: magenta;">Occupancy</span>+ <span style="color: magenta;">Area Factors</span></span><li>အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Occupancy density </span>နဲ႔ လိုအပ္မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ventilation rate </span>ေတြကို စာရင္းျပဳထားပါတယ္။ စာအုပ္ (သို႔) <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >pdf download </span>ဝယ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ ေစ်းအေတာ္အတန္ ႀကီးေပမဲ့ ဖတ္ရံုသက္သက္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Free Online Preview </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ <li>ေပးထားတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Rate </span>ေတြ က အနည္းဆံုး လိုအပ္ခ်က္ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >LEED® </span>ကေတာ့ လိုအပ္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE 62.1 </span>ထက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >30% </span>အထိပိုေပးႏိုင္ေအာင္ ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ဘို႔ တိုက္တြန္း ထားပါတယ္။<li>အနံ႔နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ အေဆာက္အအံု ထဲကို ပထမ ဆံုး ဝင္လာခါစ အေျခအေန မွာ သတိထားမိေကာင္း ထားမိ ေစပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ လူေတြရဲ့ သဘာဝ အရ ဝင္လာသူ ထဲက ၈၀% ေလာက္က ၆ မိနစ္ အတြင္း ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ နဲ႔ ေနသား က်သြား ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ အနံ႔က အေရးပါတဲ့ ေနရာေတြ မွာ ေတာ့ လိုအပ္သလို ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ။ ။စတိုးဆိုင္ လိုမ်ိဳး၊ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Customer </span>က အနံ႔ျပင္းရင္ အထဲဝင္ခ်င္မွ ဝင္ခ်င္မယ္။ ဝင္ရင္ေတာင္ မွ ခပ္ျမန္ျမန္ လိုသေလာက္ နည္းနည္းပါးပါး ပဲ ဝယ္ၿပီး ျပန္ထြက္ သြားခ်င္ သြားမယ္။<li>အေဆာက္အအံု က ေရကုိ ကုန္စင္ေအာင္ စြန္႔ထုတ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔၊ ေရမခိုေစ ႏိုင္ဘို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >HVAC Maintenance </span>အတြက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Access </span>က မရွိမျဖစ္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > <span style="color: red;">12.8</span>°C (<span style="color: magenta;">55</span>°F) Dew Point </span>က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" ><span style="color: red;">65%RH</span>upper Limit </span>ထက္ပိုၿပီး သင့္ေတာ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Commissioning, Documentation & Maintenance </span>ေတြ လည္း မရွိမျဖစ္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation System </span>ေတြရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >performance </span>စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ အျမဲေကာင္းေနေအာင္ လိုအပ္တဲ့ စစ္ေဆး ထိန္းသိမ္းမႈ ရွိ ေနမွ ျဖစ္မွာ မဟုတ္လား။<li><span style="color: red;">Local Codes</span>: လုိအပ္ခ်က္ ေတြ က လည္း အနည္းဆံုး ေပးရမဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation rate </span>ကို သတ္မွတ္ထားေလ့ ရွိပါေသးတယ္။ ရံဖန္ရံခါ ဆိုသလို ဒီ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >rate </span>ႏႈန္းေတြ က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE 62.1 </span>ထက္ အဆေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ ပိုေကာင္း ပိုႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ မလိုက္နာ လို႔ မရပါဘူး။ <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><li><span style="color: magenta;">Singapore</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >CP 13</span><li><span style="color: magenta;">Malaysia</span>: <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Uniform Building Bylaw</span></ul><br>တစ္ခု သတိျပဳရမွာ ကေတာ့ ေလကို ေျခာက္ေသြ႔ေအာင္ မလုပ္ပဲ သြင္းခဲ့ ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Mold </span>ျပႆနာ က ရွိေနအံုးမယ္ ဆိုတဲ့ အခ်က္ပါ။ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ရင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Energy Recovery </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္ဘို႔ လည္း လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Dry and Cold Air </span>ကပဲ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Total energy recovery </span> ရႏိုင္တယ္ ဆိုတာ ကိုလည္း သတိျပဳ ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Ventilation rate </span>နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ၿပီး <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >US</span> မွာ ရံုးခန္း အေဆာက္အအံု <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" > Office Buildings </span> ေတြ 510 လံုး ကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္တဲ့ အခါ မွာ အေဆာက္အအံု အမ်ားစု <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >ASHRAE 62 </span>က လိုအပ္တာထက္ အမ်ားႀကီး ပိုေနတာ ကိုေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။<br /></ul><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Ventilation System Maintenance</b></span><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Outdoor Air Filter </span>ေတြကို လစဥ္ အသစ္လဲေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >O/A damper </span>ေတြရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Position </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Operation </span>ကို သံုးလတစ္ခါ စစ္ေဆးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >O/A sensor </span>ေတြ ကို ၆ လ တစ္ႀကိမ္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >re-calibrate </span>(စံခ်ိန္ကိုက္ေအာင္ မွန္ေအာင္ ခ်ိန္၊ ညွိ) လုပ္ေပးပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Humidity Sensor </span>ေတြ က ရက္သတၱပါတ္ အခ်ိဳ႕အတြင္း မွာတင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >accuracy </span>တိက်မႈ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >±5% RH </span>ကေန <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >±15% RH </span>ေရာက္ေအာင္ ေျပာင္းလဲ သြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Coil, Drain Pans </span>နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >damp duct interior </span>ေတြကို တစ္ႏွစ္ တစ္ႀကိမ္ သန္႔ရွင္းေရး လုပ္ေပးပါ။</ol><br /></ol><br /><li><span style="color: red;"><b>Energy Consumption Reduction</b></span><br /><ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Minimize exterior glazing, install low-e glass and shade it.</span> <br>ေနေရာင္ တိုက္ရိုက္ (Direct) (သို႔) သြယ္ဝိုက္ (Diffuse) ဝင္လာႏိုင္တဲ့ မွန္ေတြ ကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ပါ။ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Heat transfer </span>နည္းတဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >low-e glass </span>ကိုသံုးပါ။ အရိပ္ရေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Shade </span>လုပ္ေပးပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Avoid West facing glazing </span>(အေနာက္ဖက္ မ်က္ႏွာမူတဲ့ မွန္) ေတြ ကို ေရွာင္ပါ။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Design glazing to allow daylighting of perimeter. </span>ေန႔ပိုင္း မွာ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >perimeter </span>(အျပင္ဘက္ႏွင့္ နီးေသာ အနား ရွိ ေနရာမ်ား) မွာ ေန႔အလင္းေရာင္ ျဖတ္ဝင္လာႏိုင္မဲ့ ပံုစံျဖစ္ေအာင္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >glazing </span>ေတြ ကို ဒီဇိုင္းလုပ္ပါ။ (လွ်ပ္စစ္မီးအသံုးေလွ်ာ့ခ် ႏိုင္ဘို႔ ပါ။ ျပဴတင္းေပါက္ ရဲ့ အေပၚဘက္ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Shade </span>လုပ္ထားတဲ့ အျမင့္ ေနရာ က အသင့္ေတာ္ ဆံုးပါ။ ေနေရာင္ရဲ့ အပူ ကို လွိမ့္ဝင္ မလာေအာင္ ထိန္းေပးႏိုင္သလို အလင္းေရာင္ ကိုလည္း အတြင္းပိုင္း ပိုေရာက္ေအာင္ ပို႔ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Exterior enclosure must be air tight. </span>အျပင္ဘက္ က နံရံေတြ အကာေတြ အားလံုး က ေလလံု ဘို႔ လိုပါတယ္။ ဒါမွ အျပင္က <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >moisture </span>မ်ားတဲ့ ေလစိမ့္ဝင္ လာလို႔ ပိုမို ကုန္က် မဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >energy </span>ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >save </span>လုပ္ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။<li><span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Commissioning building and systems. </span>အေဆာက္အအံု နဲ႔ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Systems </span>ေတြရဲ့ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >Function and performance </span>စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ ေတြ ကို စနစ္တက် စစ္ေဆး တာ ကို <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >commissioning </span>လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။ ဒါမွ <span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" >design </span>လုပ